Othello

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The Heart's Battle Between Good and Evil

In Shakespeare's "Othello", the reader is presented with the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. Immediately the reader is led to believe the two main characters are the opposite of each other. Othello being honorable, trustworthy and moral, who seeks to stop conflict. Iago being deceptive, cunning and immoral, who revels in conflict. One critic wrote that Iago had a "sense of coolness, the coolness of a preconceiving experimenter" (Coleridge 40).

This is all first evident when Iago and Roderigo awaken Brabantia and inform him of the marriage of his daughter to Othello. The play revolves around the malicious acts of Iago, his evil plans of making himself better than Othello. Iago conceives a plan to make Othello doubtful and unsure of his wife Desdemona.

Othello is known for his great bravery and experience as a soldier, described by the Duke as "Valiant Othello". He is proud of his profession and believes that his reputation as a soldier is an important part of his noble position. Othello shows great love and devotion to his wife Desdemona, the one truly good natured character in the play. She is honest, innocent and unsuspecting. Coleridge claims there exists an "over zeal of innocence in Desdemona" (48). Othello truly loves Desdemona with all his heart. Coleridge remarks that Othello was an "enthusiastic admirer, almost worshipper, of Desdemona" (46). Othello's love is demonstrated through the huge amount of jealousy he bares after Iago fuels suspicions that she has been seeing Cassio.

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Iago is a sly and manipulative character who is driven by hate and jealousy. He gives the reader an indication that he is not what he seems to be in the early stages of the play. Iago is a bitter and disappointed man who openly admits he is a self-serving deceiver. The literary critic, A.C. Bradley, expresses that "such a deception would be a thing so monstrously wicked that he can hardly conceive it credible" (16). He has an obvious hatred for Othello. This hatred began because Othello chose Cassio, a foreigner, to be his Lieutenant resigning Iago to the position of his Ancient. This led to Iago's angry of jealousy erupting and the tragedies of the play beginning. He believes those who have wounded him personally and professionally should suffer. To the reader Iago appears to be an extremely disturbed person who is at peace with no one. Bradley acknowledges that Iago was an "exceptionally noble and trustworthy man, but endured the shock of a terrible disillusionment" (147). He has a hatred of humanity and an apparent desire to destroy the lives of those around him, including his wife Emilia. He holds her with little regard and is disrespectful and demeaning to her.

As the play progresses we see a turning point in Othello's behavior. Guided by Iago, he slowly changes onto the side of evil, which is seen most clearly in what is known as the Temptation Scene. He has been drawn into Iago's web of deceit and he believes every persuasive word Iago tells him. Iago is clever and never openly speaks of Desdemona's "unfaithfulness until he is sure he has Othello trapped in his deceiving lie. Iago's extreme evil can also be seen here. He is manipulating Othello's mind and emotions; pointly telling him his wife has been having sexual relations with Cassio. This suggestion puts Othello in such an emotional turmoil that he is lost in a trance. Bradley concludes

There is no subject more exciting than sexual jealousy rising to the pitch of passion; and there can hardly be any spectacle at once so engrossing and so painful as that of a great nature suffering torment of this passion, and driven by it to a crime which is also a hideous blunder. (14)

Iago's control over Othello is so strong that he convinces him to consider killing Desdemona.

The way in which Othello decides to kill his wife is profoundly touching, as to how and the location. He suffocates her with a pillow, no blood or pain in their bedroom, a place of intimacy where he loved her the most. This only repeatedly shows his love for her, demonstrating that he killed her purely out of revenge, not wishing for her to suffer. Desdemona's lifeless body was discovered by Emilia. It is at this point that Iago's web of deceit begins to unfold. Emilia reveals all of Iago's schemes to Othello, who, full of remorse, takes his own life. After Iago discovers that Emilia has betrayed him, he kills her, further showing his true evilness. He then flees, only to be caught and brought to justice.

There is no question that Iago is an evil, scheming manipulator, who is the root cause of deaths to good characters in the play. Iago exploits the other characters in the play to work specifically toward his goal of revenge. He clearly has no remorse for his actions and gleams in the win of revenge over Othello. Othello is a truly a person of good character and heart. His deep love of Desdemona is portrayed throughout the play. Othello, unfortunately, let's the lies of men and the jealousy in his mind get to best of him. Bradley concludes that

Such jealousy as Othello's converts human nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man; and it does this in relation to one of the most intense and also the most ideal of human feelings.

The play reflects upon the question of how can a good person turn into an evil individual? The strong physical emotions and the way human minds can be molded with like putty can be one way to explain the decisions made by Othello and Iago and possible

offer an explanation of the tragedies of "Othello".

Works Cited

Coleridge, Samuel. Shakespearean Criticism. London J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 160.

Bradley, A.C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Ballantine Books, 18.Please note that this sample paper on othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on othello, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era

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Since the Revolutionary War, Americans have been fighting for the freedom and basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not surprising that women took part in this continuing battle for rights during the Progressive Era, an time in American History distinguished by it spirit of reform and betterment. The most notable attempts to gain rights for women came from the "woman movement" and the feminist movement, both of this time period. Although the approaches by which the "woman movement" and the feminists undertook in seeking out equality were different, they were each successful in their own right.

Out of this Progressive Era mood of reforms and change came the "woman movement". The movement was mostly made up of middle class women that believed women were by nature, caretakers and therefore better at making social decisions. Social Housekeeping" was best preformed by women since it was they that possessed the "special, even superior, traits as guardians of family and morality" needed to better the ills of society. They fought to establish an identity for women as social workers and the right to vote was necessary to ensure their accreditation as members in society. Women of this movement and time felt responsible for the duties of reform and the morality of society. The right to vote was critical to the "woman movement" since it would provide the means to achieve additional reforms.

Forming social groups and organizations helped this movement bring credit and success to their notion.

Without the right to vote, these women needed a means of accomplishing "social housekeeping" and formed literary and educational organizations that could serve an a voice for their views on public affairs and social issues. They worked for reforms and improvements in child labor, housing improvements, education, consumer protection and racial equality. Such activists as Jane Addams and Florence Kelly worked to improve the lives of women in slums by providing education, art appreciation, better wages and better housing. One group that came about as a result of the movement was the National Association of Colored Women, whose goal was to establish nurseries, kindergartens and retirement homes. Because black women were barred from political participation of any kind, they worked independently collecting donations door-to-door for their own cause and communities. They focused on programs that supported the advancement of young black women and the protection of these women from sexual exploitation. Social reform groups also came out of the Black Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) churches. One of the most important accomplishments of the woman movement besides the significant reforms they accomplished was the new profession it created for women as social workers. Once a male dominated career, women were now seen as capable of performing social work.

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As the movement continued into the 100's, feminists emerged with a different goal in mind. Feminists sought to organize women together and focus on the woman as an individual with rights as opposed to the goal of the "woman movement" to correct the ills of society. Their movement was based on the "rights and self-development" of women. It was about giving women control over their bodies and minds. It called for women to unite together and work towards fighting "gender-based distinctions". Notable leaders include Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, leaders of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The NWSA focused on using politics to accomplish their goal of suffrage. They lobbied politicians to introduce legislation but were unsuccessful due to opposing politician that claimed " suffrage would interfere with women's family obligations". Sex rights and birth control issues were raised by Margaret Sanger after she began distributing literature and information on birth control to poor women and middle class women. Later feminists, led by Harriet Stanton Blatch, continued the fight for the right to vote, persuading women it was their responsibility to help each other and that by voting they would "promote and protect women's economic roles."

These feminist organizations, similar to the woman movement, had outlets to influence and demonstrate their views. They would launch writing campaigns, sending thousands of letters to politicians and society figures. They held public meetings and rallies with marching bands that gained a great deal of attention from the public. They used publications from their organizations for the distribution of their materials or distribution of their information. Most importantly, instead of public affairs, feminists used politics to publicize their goals.

Ultimately, it was the roles women played during World War I as nurses, volunteers, factory laborers and municipal workers that convinced politicians and the federal government of their right to vote. The right to vote came in 10 with the passing of the 1th amendment. It would take decades, however, until women would achieve social acceptance and still remains unaccomplished in some regards. Although it has been eighty-three years since the fight for suffrage was won, some feel as though women have not reached an equal status in society and for them, the fight must continue. Please note that this sample paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Reparations for Slavery

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This paper touches on points made between four lawyers in the discussion on how it would be possible to get reparations for slavery. Is reparations for Blacks plausible? Does statement in their discussion have credence in the court of law, or is it merely just outcome over process? Views coming from Robert H. Bork (author of The Tempting America) and Stanley Fish (author of the trouble with Principle), will also be covered to agree or disagree with statements made in the Harper articles.

These four lawyers (Willie Gary, Alexander Pires, Richard Scruggs, Dennis Sweet) have come together to discuss to find a way to get reparation for African Americans for not only just slavery but also the affects slavery had on the Black population. Their first legal strategy is to file the case a simple lawsuit. After the war, former slaves were promised forty acres and a mule, and we never got it(Gary 57), and because of this they are trying to file this as a breach of contract case. The issue of statue of limitations arose but was quickly refuted by Sweet, Is an injustice no longer an injustice so long as you get away with it for a long time?(Sweet 58); which shows that Sweet is a lawyer who favors outcome over process. Im sure that Fish, being pro outcome, would be in support of Sweet and use the idea of his neutral principle to give him leverage on this issue

Which brings me to the thoughts of Stanley fish and his views on neutral principal. In his article he goes on talking about the myth of the neutral principle, and its impossibility for anyone to be absolutely neutral. For you to be neutral you need to be able to lay the groundwork of what the words equal signify. How can anyone make the decision of seeing if it would be fair to distribute goods equally irrespective of the accomplishments of those who receive them, or would it be fair to reward each according to his efforts(Fish )? This paradox clearly shows that you may achieve being fair by choosing either outcome, but by going to one side of the issue, you are being unfair to the other side, thus further implicating the myth of the neutral principle. It is because of the groundwork needed that one may use the idea of neutral principle in order to gain leverage or support for their cause, using this idea to support higher and deeper than the support provided by its own substantive thrust(40). These Lawyers arsenal for reparations will consist of the idea of fairness towards the Black community. Many politicians and judges use this concept to clarify that they made the right moral decision. Not one person can be truly impartial, the lives we lead have constructed certain bias in which we are comprised of and to attempt to become impartial is to deny our past and ourselves. Though judges try hard to work with the system and be impartial, it unrealistic for judges to use their morality in order to decide on an outcome in a court trial. Contrary to Borks views, Fish is all for putting the ends before the means.

Despite the fact that this would completely contradict Borks view of Process over outcome and the judicial systems strict adherence of the law. Throughout every court preceding, judges play a crucial roles; Bork believe that there are two types of judges. One who adheres to the theories of constitutional laws sought out by original understanding and the ones who dont, referred to as the revisionist theorist. His main quarrel with judges is their ability to, at any given court trial, make decisions on the outcome based on their own moral philosophy instead of referring to our Constitution. When the constitution was written it took into consideration moral philosophy and should be a guideline that all judges follow. One of the many flaws that Bork points out is that a moral philosophy necessarily rests upon a belief that not only is there a single correct moral theory, but in todays circumstances, all people of good will and moderate intelligence must accept the theory(Bork 6). Professional philosophers throughout time have deliberated over issues pertaining to law and morality, with the great minds of our planets history each giving their two cents and still not coming to even remotely close to agreeing; what makes a single judge possess the audacity to express his moral opinion as the one great mind to rule over all others. Even if there is a Judge as conceded enough to think that his word and moral belief will always be the correct one and is correct in assuming that; the impossibility of the public in themselves to agree on that judges decision is great. In every occasion in the short live years of our nations history the basic model is to place all disagreements to a vote. Democracy is how our country is labeled in all aspects except for that of a judges moral interjection. Bork further elaborates by discussing that even by the unimaginable chance that both the judge is correct morally and everyone agrees on it, "there would be no need for constitutional judges since legislation would embody the principal of that morality(7); basically meaning that if there is such a theory, it would be put into the Constitution and would not need any further amending on behalf of judges. Either way you look at it, whether you have both the judge with his neutral principles and public behind his position, or have neither; it leads you to the same conclusion of not needing judges decisions based on moral philosophy and their idea of neutral principal.

Though Bork may not agree with Garys first legal strategy, there may be a slim chance he may with the second, mainly because it involves pushing the judgment on congress and not the judges. The nd part of their game plan is to get a law suit against many huge corporations that Blacks help build, and those that denied blacks civil liberties from slavery days to the present day; while at the same time sue local, state, and federal governments. The idea is to get a national audience, which in turn will get a public outcry that can affect the way a judge is going to rule. It can make him not want to rule, it can make him hold and then perhaps Congress will step and you can talk settlement(Gary 64). This way Borks view on philosophical morality being push into laws by judges, will not be affected. How ever this would contradict his view on laws being undermined by moral philosophy. He is convinced that law is being seduced by politics and is thereby losing its integrity as a discipline(Bork 15). If this case is presented and reparations for thousand of Blacks are awarded, the basic meaning of the law(in this aspect) will be wiped away, and every group from all time periods that have been discriminated against will be in demand for their slice of the pie. What was originally a plan to help African American would then become a legal nightmare.

To sum up, Reparation in the form of money seem to be a ridiculous idea, though the lawyers are also trying to push for governmental programs to be initiated; but even then this is an absurd idea mainly because then every one else in our country will be looking for their fair share. With the exception of Pires who actually suggest to work pro bono, all of the other lawyers in the article are bloodsuckers waiting to take a bite out of cash cow. The opinions expressed by the Harper article for the most part do not have credence in the court room, but leave much in term of outcome. It is through this outcome that new laws have will continue to be forged despite those who disagree with it. Fortunately, the Harper Articles did give me insight and more understanding of the various philosophical issue in reading Bork along side Fish, in that it forced me to put apply certain value and ideas to an actual court case, and I came out understanding more side of an issue than just one narrow one. Please note that this sample paper on Reparations for Slavery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Reparations for Slavery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Reparations for Slavery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Feature Article Analysis

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The statement "The structure and content of feature article reflect and reinforce the attitudes and values of their target audience" is not always true. Some feature articles challenge the attitudes and values of their target audience by presenting biased facts and opinions to make the reader view a controversial topic or issue from a different perspective. On the other hand many others support this statement and endorse the attitudes and values of their target audience, such as "Fur Flies Again" by Tamsin Blanchard. "Fur flies again" was featured in The Weekend Australian Magazine. It is based on the return of fur in the fashion industry and the lack of opposition from animal welfare groups and the general public. The author Tamsin Blanchard has only included one point of view in the article. "Not since the '50s, when movie stars didn't know any better, have so many pop culture figures worn so much fur and with little reaction or comment" sums up the entire attitude of the article.

TA The target audience of The Weekend Australian Magazine is men and women from the middle to the upper class therefore the target audience for "Fur flies again" is women of middle to upper class status who are 5 years and older. Since the 50's, wearing fur was thought to be immoral because of the fact that innocent animals were tortured and killed in horrible and cruel ways. While reading this article these women would be thinking "Thank goodness I'm not as vain or as selfish as these people who wear fur with no feeling of guilt". The target audience has been brought up around the same time as these celebrities who are wearing fur, but they do not have the need or the money to spare to buy fur clothing. As they are not as wealthy as this small group of influential celebrities they haven't been blinded by money and power, and still have morals and a sense of what is right and wrong.

The article starts off by listing some of the celebrities who wear fur and that animal skins are the new celebrity security blanket. It goes on to say that the people who wore fur in the '50s didn't know of the suffering and torture that the animals went through, but this generation does. They have no excuse and cannot justify their wearing of fur with their ignorance. Tamsin Blanchard says how fur has slowly made a comeback over the past couple of years in tasteless fashion shows and she suggests that the people don't care about protecting animals against exploitation, as more and more fashion magazines are supporting fur and pushing it to become 'cool'.

There is one quote from a celebrity fashion designer who is not in favor of fur in fashion. Stella McCartney said "My morals before money" and "there is nothing sexy about having an electrode put up your bottom", she sent a secretly filmed video of the pain and suffering encountered by animals which are killed for their fur. It suggests that some fashion designers use fur just to make money and they don't care that an animal has died because of them. This small part of the article dedicated to Stella McCartney's opposition to fur usage symbolises the small number of people who are taking action against the growing fur industry and many of the readers would agree with what she has to say. But at the end of the article it says that change is the oxygen of fashion and it doesn't matter where you stand on the issue of fur usage in fashion, it is definitely making a comeback. This comment urges the reader to take action or more innocent animals will be tortured and murdered just so they can be mismatched with a horrid outfit or made into a tasteless coat or stole.

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The quotes (from Katie Grand, the editor of a British fashion magazine 'Pop'; Stella McCartney, fashion designer; and Tom Teifel-Kristensen, director of communications for Saga Furs) are used to support the authors view. Katie Grand says that wearing mink isn't a problem, we experiment on rats and other animals so there should be no problem wearing fur and Tom Teifel-Kristensen says that wearing fur is more widely accepted by younger people as it is seen as rebellion. These quotes maintain the idea that people are becoming comfortable with animal cruelty.

"Fur Flies Again" lacks statistical evidence therefore graphics are used to create interest and validate and endorse the views of the author. Most of the pictures are of runway fur-fashion and to the average person, the fashion on the catwalk is bizarre and they wouldn't ever consider wearing most of it therefore these pictures make the reader think "why would people want to wear fur? It is so unattractive". The two most effective pictures are the ones on Jennifer Lopez and the US Vogue editor Anna Wintour. The picture of Jennifer Lopez has her in London wearing a fur hat and a coat with diamonds on the buckles which shows her as being selfish, spending too much money on her self rather that being compassionate and looking after others. The picture of Anna Wintour shows that even someone who works for one of the most popular fashion magazines has no fashion sense at all.

"Fur Flies Again" by Tamsin Blanchard is a great example of a feature article which supports the attitudes and values of its target audience. The overall message of the article is that the people of the world are losing their morals and have no compassion or respect for each other and the environment. Humans are too greedy and the 'morals before money' comment is a wake up call to the wealthy people who appear to have lost their morals and values and a call to action for the people who are against cruelty to animals. Animals aren't fashion accessories! Please note that this sample paper on Feature Article Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Feature Article Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Feature Article Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Howard Florey

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Howard Florey. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Howard Florey paper right on time.

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Howard Florey was the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He shared the 145 award with the German refugee chemist Ernst Chain and the Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming. Working together at Oxford University, Florey and Chain built a research team that transformed penicillin (discovered by Fleming in 1) from a laboratory curiosity into a widely available drug.

Penicillin is one of the most efficient remedies ever discovered, and in the 140s its effects seemed almost miraculous. It revolutionized medicine, allowing once lethal infections, pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, meningitis, gas gangrene--to be cured. For infections that were resistant to penicillin, other antibiotics were soon found, including cephalosporin, which was also developed by the Oxford group.

Florey was born in Adelaide to a wealthy family. Rather than enter his fathers shoe-making business, he resolved to study medicine, and in 11 won a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford University. In the mid-10s, he became intrigued by the problem of extracting pure penicillin from the Penicillium mold without destroying its potency. He later assembled a multidisciplinary team--including his wife Ethel to work on manufacturing the drug. The technical difficulties of carrying out such a project in wartime Britain were enormous, and at first the team struggled to produce enough penicillin to cure a few infected mice. The amounts available to treat the earliest patients were so limited that the researchers concentrated the drug back from urine, then reinjected it. But (thanks in part to collaboration with well-funded U.S. researchers) by the time of the D-Day landings in 144, penicillin was available in sufficient quantities to save the lives of many wounded Allied and German soldiers.

In his approach to practical science, Florey was a true experimentalist, and is credited with establishing the nexus between physiology (normal function) and pathology (disease) that defines the discipline of experimental pathology.

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The Nobel and other accolades gave Florey great influence, which he used well. He visited Australia often, and his efforts were central to the establishment of the Australian National University as a postgraduate research university, a visionary idea for its time. Florey assumed responsibility for the initial phase of the ANUs John Curtin School of Medical Research, contributing greatly to the recruitment of a stellar group of founding professors. Though he continued living in England, he was chancellor of the ANU (making annual trips to Canberra), when he died at age 6 from cardiovascular disease. A typical Australian stoic, he suffered angina in silence for many years. Today, coronary bypass surgery would probably have given him a decade more of productive life.

Florey was a familiar figure to Australians of his time, but the 100th anniversary of his birth, in 18, attracted little public interest, even in his home town of Adelaide. When I spoke there at a well-advertised event in his honor, the Crows football team were on a winning streak and the press seemed terminally obsessed with Sir Donald Bradmans 0th birthday. Australia has not, so far, been looked on as a land of opportunity for the intellectual, Florey said in 158. That is changing, but young Australians need to be reminded that their country has produced great achievers in science, the arts and the world of ideas. A sophisticated society can support a broad pantheon of heroes.

Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel won the 16 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on viral infections and immunity, carried out at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.

BORN Sept. 4, 188, in Malvern, Adelaide

1 Attends Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship

15 Becomes Professor of Pathology at Oxford

14 His department publishes Antibiotics

160 Becomes first Australian president of the Royal Society

165 Becomes life peer as Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston

DIED Feb. 1, 168, in Oxford

Florey gathered a team of scientists at Oxford University in Britain in the 10s, when working together on scientific discoveries as a group was not at all common.

His team commenced a careful investigation of the properties of anti-bacterial substances that are produced by mould. One member of the team, Ernst Chain, found an article about Alexander Flemings work while flicking through a medical journal, and this prompted them to begin looking at penicillin.

Individual members of the group concentrated their attention on areas in which they had the most knowledge, but they often met to exchange ideas. Chain worked on purifying penicillin with Edward Abraham. Norman Heatley improvised methods for extracting penicillin using ether and bedpans (see penicillin production below). A. D. Gardner and Jena Orr-Ewing studied how penicillin reacted with other organisms. Howard Florey looked with Margaret Jennings at the impact of penicillin on animals. Ethel Florey later worked with her husband on clinical trials of penicillin.

In May, 140 they performed one of the most important medical experiments in history. The work was so urgent that they came in to begin the experiment on the weekend, and on Saturday 5 May, Floreys team tested penicillin on eight mice injected with a lethal dose of streptococci bacteria. Four of the mice were treated with penicillin, while four were used as controls. By the next day, the treated mice had recovered and the untreated mice were dead. In the early days of World War II, the lives of eight mice may seem insignificant. But their rescue by penicillin led to the treatment of Allied soldiers as early as D-Day, in June 144, and probably influenced the outcome of the war.

In 14 Florey travelled to North Africa to test the effects of penicillin on wounded soldiers. His trials were seen as a miracle. Instead of amputating wounded limbs or simply leave them to heal, he suggested soldiers wounds be cleaned and sewn up, and that the patients then be given penicillin. Thanks to Florey and his team, the drug was available to treat Allied troops by the end of World War II. It has since revolutionised medical science, saving millions of lives. Please note that this sample paper on Howard Florey is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Howard Florey, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Howard Florey will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Globalization

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Introduction

Globalisation is defined by the IMF (The International Monetary Fund) as the increasing integration of economies around the world, predominantly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labour) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. The term globalisation has come into common usage since the 180s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and faster to complete international transactions. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

Understanding globalisation

Globalisation can be understood as having economic, political and cultural dimensions where companies are selling products the same way throughout the world, treating it as a single market. It is the process of business structuring in a worldwide market; creating growth and profit opportunities in production and distribution. Globalisation can also be seen as the process of rapid economic integration between countries, and increasing international trade and foreign investment has further driven it. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

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fortify city of Pisa during war time.

It has been 500 years since Leonardo da Vinci recorded his thoughts and designs in

notebooks for us to marvel at, and within these notebooks I am interested in the "Codec

Madrid II", which dealt with military architecture and Leonardo plans to divert the Arno

river. The Codec Madrid were rediscovered in 165 in Madrid after being officially lost

since 180. This is were the arguments become interesting. Many are unsure whether or

not Leonardo da Vinci originated the design of the diversion of the Arno River to help

fortify Pisa for war. There are many arguments about whether or not Leonardo originated

idea to divert the Arno River. Scholars and experts alike have many different angles to

this design. Experts say he would have known it was a hopeless project because of the

environment, war, and lack of manpower. There are many who think the Florentines

came up with this design 100 years before Leonardo was born.

The wars and campaigns in Italy began in the 1500's because of political conflicts

between the great powers. All involved parties had to maintain the best possible defense

as well as their means of attack. Since new firearms, explosives, and artillery were

developing all the time, they had to alter the systems of fortifications and technical

warfare became more important. It was only natural that Leonardo da Vinci with his

theory and practice of architecture throughout his life should also be included to the field

of defense architecture and strategic engineering studies.

In 150 the Florentine Republic started a new campaign against Pisa, and here

emerged the most daring plan to divert the course of the Arno river to cut off the sea

access so the Pisans could not get supplies. The big question is whether Leonardo had

any part in drawing this plan up or if he was just to perfect the idea. This must be left

undecided.

Scholars doubt that the Florentine plan to divert the Arno River was originated by

Leonardo, because they said he would have know from the beginning that such a feat

would be difficult in peacetime but very impossible during war time. The plan called for

canals to be dug 60 feet wide and 1 feet deep to carry the river as much as 7 miles off

it's normal course.

Being a man of practical knowledge of time-and-motion expert and he could figure

our how much digging men could do, how they ought to do it, and what it would cost.

This what Leonardo wrote in Codex Madrid II

I found that the complete excavation of the moat, which is, on average, 17 braccia wide,

and 16 braccia deep, and 40 braccia long, reduced to square braccia, amounts to

174,080 braccia. Which reduced to square canne, amounts to 70 canne. Of which,

those at the mountain, due to the difficulty offered by the rock, deserver 5 lire the canna,

an amount paid on other occasions to the diggers. (Leonardo da Vinci, Madrid II 10r)

With this in mind he knew he had to design a machine to help the dig process

because of inefficiency of men equipped with shovels. That is where the treadmill

powered digging machine design was born.

All of these calculations and work was erroneous. It was said that five times the

available manpower would have been necessary, according to more realistic calculations

by today's experts. Besides, the work had plenty of difficulties. It seemed to be

impossible to get the thousands of workers required, or to keep them working, especially

since they didn't get paid on time, and the section which was completed but could not

handle the mass of water that was fed to it and collapsed. By this time opinions were split

amongst the commanders, so the projects came to end in October 1504. The Florentines

continued fighting another five years only to surrender there city in 150.

As one of the greatest men in recent history , Leonardo da Vinci's genius remains

unbounded by time and technology. His dedication to the discovery of truth and the

mysteries of nature make his insightful contributions to science and technology legendary

in the Renaissance period. By helping to set an ignorant and superstitious world on a

course of reason, Leonardo's spirit lives on to influence the inventors, artists, and art

patrons of our own time. Whether or not Leonardo originated the design to divert the

Arno River doesn't matter it was he vision and challenging dedication that moves me and

many others. Some might argue that such ideas in the Renaissance time period should of

been too modern. They need to remember to whom there referring too.Please note that this sample paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Godfather

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THE GODFATHER

This essay will discuss the extent to which Francis Coppola's film, The Godfather, is a logical conclusion of the changes in Hollywood during the 160's and 170's. I will focus on these changes, with regards to The Godfather, and also look at how Coppola has 'drawn' from the classical Hollywood period. Finally, issues around the social and historical context of American society in this era, will be discussed.

From 160 to 164, the Hollywood "Dream Factory" of the fifties was in turmoil. Thanks to television, which brought simultaneous access of programming to everyone, cinema attendance was at an all-time low. However, many studios responded to this by getting involved in television productions and were slowly producing the majority of television programming. At the same time, the Anti-trust Legislation broke the monopoly of cinema ownership, forcing studios to sell their cinemas.

Yet there was light at the end of the tunnel for moviemakers. "In the 160's the children of the postwar baby boom began to come of age" (Sklar; 14; pg 00) This new generation of filmmakers had grown up in the television era and therefore had a good knowledge of visual media. They looked back at the Hollywood studio system to revive the genres on which they were brought up. As studios lost touch with their audience, these new filmmakers began challenging traditional Hollywood conventions, producing films that were innovative (due to European film influences), capturing the imagination of a new youth audience.

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The Godfather greatly appealed to the youth audience because of its violence and nudity. Censorship limited television from showing violence and sex, and therefore The Godfather, which contains both 'evils', attracted an audience looking for new experiences. One of the features of Hollywood Renaissance films is that they "explore contempory issues such as violence" (Bickford-Smith; 00) In The Godfather, Coppola deals with gangster violence and domestic violence. People are shot, blown up and strangled. Connie Corleone is beaten-up by her husband. Coppola seems to be criticising the growth of violence in America during the 160's and 170's. The Whitman killings (166) and Manson murders (16) were front-page headlines during this time. Perhaps Coppola was feeding the idea that the world was a violent place by overtly demonstrating it in this film.

The Godfather revised the gangster genre by transforming it into a family melodrama or critical commentary on an immigrant family's pursuit of justice. Coppola plays with the genre conventions of the crime film, by placing the spectator in a problematic relationship with the "heroes". This strategy disturbs the classical Hollywood ideology that the audience identifies with the "good guys". In The Godfather, our sympathy lies with the small family of criminals through the framing and editing patterns. We often identify with characters from the Corleone family through point of view shots. The victims of the criminals are demonised, almost deserving of their fate, and therefore the mob are 'justified' and become a force for good. For example, we identify with Michael Corleone in the sequence where he assassinates the corrupt policeman, Mc Cluskey and rival gangster, Solozzo, through shot/reverse shots that are mostly from Michael's point of view.

Another feature of the Hollywood Renaissance, is the increased influence European cinema with regards to editing, the director as Auteur and special effects. Coppola makes use of a montage sequence in the scenes where Michael stands as Godfather to Connie's son. The parallel editing is reminiscent of French New Wave cinema. (E.g. Breathless) Auteur directors meant that the distinction of director and scriptwriter was overcome. Coppola not only directed The Godfather, he also co-wrote the screenplay. Hollywood mavericks like Coppola were experimenting with special effects. For example, Marlon Brando's make-up which transformed him into a much older looking Italian. Special effects extended the idea of 'realism' that was important to Hollywood Renaissance.

Greater 'realism' was achieved through a different acting style in The Godfather. Marlon Brando believed in 'becoming the character' and his portrayal of Vito Corleone is very convincing and 'real' when compared to classical Hollywood's stylised acting (E.g. Gone With The Wind) Also, according to Harlan Lebo, Coppola insisted on authentic props from the 140's era. These enhance the 'realism' because everything in the shot is authentic.

The 160's and 170's were the age of blockbusters. Blockbuster films were seen to be Hollywood's solution to the problem of audiences' over-familiarity with Classical models and conventions. They targeted an adolescent audience who where in search of new entertainment. Many blockbuster films, in particular The Godfather, were based on "stories and concepts from the 10's to the 150's" (Bickford-Smith; 00) The Godfather starts in 145 and not only deals with gang violence, but also the oppression of women. In context of when the film was released, the treatment of female characters by the male characters would have caused some controversy.

Feminism was on the rise during the Hollywood Renaissance era. The National Organisation for Women began in 166. The idea of women as passive objects of exchange was drastically being challenged. I think Coppola's portrayal of the oppressed Italian women in The Godfather, comments on the absurdity and cruelty of this abuse. In a way, Coppola challenges the idea of a patriarchal society, like the one present in the mafia community. Connie Corleone is physically and verbally abused by her husband, but there seems to be little she can do about the situation besides relying on her brothers for help. This is an example of how only males were able to restore a woman's honour.

Still focusing on the context in which this film was made and released, another important aspect was the "rise of counter culture" (Bickford-Smith; 00). The youth were trying to live a lifestyle that was different to that of their parents. Michael Corleone is an example of someone who does not want to be part of his family's 'business'. Instead of following in his father and brother's footsteps, he chooses to go study and then later becomes a war hero. The audience would have recognised and identified with this characteristic.

The Godfather does however have certain continuities with the classical period. For instance, the 'star' cast in The Godfather was a typical classical Hollywood convention. Having a famous actor like Marlon Brando was guaranteed to poke the interest of fans. Even if people knew nothing about the film beforehand, the fact that Marlon Brando was starring in it would get them to buy a ticket.

Continuity editing was also a classical Hollywood convention. Editing was not supposed to draw any attention to itself. In most cases, Cappola ensures continuity in The Godfather through eyeline cuts and match cuts. For example, in the scene where one of the gangsters stick a knife in a rival gangster's hand, the eyeline match allows us to see the direction of offender's gaze we move from watching the character look at what's happening to his hand, to watching what he sees stuck in his hand.

In conclusion, The Godfather aroused some controversy for romanticising gangsters and transforming them into social rebels. It was a Hollywood Renaissance film which offered a subversive perspective on American society. Coppola manages to disrupt the classical form, but still uses certain classical conventions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bickford-Smith, V. 00. Lecture notes on Hollywood Renaissance. April 00

Cavolina, E and Cavolina Meara, J. 11. How to really watch The Godfather. New York; St Martin's Press; chapters 1, , and 6

Lebo, H. 17. The Godfather Legacy. New York; Simon and Schuster (ed); chapters 1, , , 4 and 6

Sklar, R. 14. Movie Made America. New York; pages

Please note that this sample paper on The Godfather is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Godfather, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on The Godfather will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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