Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud, a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud's most important and frequently re-iterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, however, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy. (Internet)

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was a lively woman, who was twenty years younger than his father and also his second wife. Sigmund was his mother first child of seven and he had two older half brothers. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna where he lived most of his life. (Internet)

Sigmund was a brilliant child and eventually went to medical school - which was one of the more viable choices for a Jewish boy in Vienna. He became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in reductionism " No other forces that the common physical chemical ones are active within the organism". (Internet) Freud would later spend many years on trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, something he would eventually give up. (Internet)

Freud was very successful with his research, especially neurophysiology, and invented a special cell staining technique. While he was successful with what he had accomplished, there were limited available positions available and Brucke helped him receive a grant to enable his to study with the great psychiatrist in Charcot in Paris and then late his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both studied the use of hypnosis with hysterics. (Internet)

School papers on Sigmund Freud

After spending a short time as a resident in neurology in Berlin, he returned home to his fianc�e, Martha Bernays, and set up a small practice in neuropsychiatry with the help of Joseph Breuer. (Internet)

Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and criticism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew a number of very bright supporters who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. (Internet) Freud's biggest flaw although, was the inability to be able to accept criticism and was known for rejecting people that did not agree with him and most went on to find competing schools of thought.

Freud immigrated to England just before World War II, as Vienna became increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially for ones as famous as Freud. (Internet) September ,1, Freud died of cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from the last 0 years of his life.

Sigmund Freud had numerous theories over the course of his career; the ones that I will be discussing are only a few.

Freud did not create the idea of the conscious versus the conscious mind, however he was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind in what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The largest part, however, being the un-conscious. The unconscious includes things that are not easily available to awareness, including out drives or instincts and things that we cannot bear to look at, such as memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud's theories, the unconscious is the source of our motivations. (Internet)

The id, the ego and the superego are another well-known theory that plays off of the conscious and un-conscious mind. Freudian psychology begins with a world full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. (Internet) An extremely important part of the organism is the nervous system. At birth, the nervous system is a little more than of other animals, an "it" or id. The id, or the nervous system, translates the needs of the organism into motivational forces, or otherwise called the primary process. (Internet). The id works in conjunction with the "pleasure principle", which is the demand to take care of the immediate need. An example, a screaming newborn does not realize that it needs food; it only understands that it needs something now.

The ego derives from the id, or the "it" to the "I" that takes place during the first year of one's life. The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its unconscious, and searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to represent the organism's needs. (Internet) This is called the secondary process. The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says, "take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found." (Internet)

The ego then struggles to keep the id, or the organism, happy. The ego keeps record of the obstacles, aids, rewards and punishments, and from there forms the superego. This theory is usually not complete until the age of seven, if ever.

There are two aspects of the superego conscious and ego ideal. The conscious is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The ego ideal derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. (Internet). The conscious and the superego communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt. (Internet) The id, ego and superego lead to the fact that, as if acquired, that a new set of needs and wishes are of social, not biological, at this time.

Freud once said, "Life is not easy." Anxiety is a familiar part of each day for many; anxiety is another aspect of the mind that Freud investigated. Anxiety sits at the center of powerful forces reality society, as represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id. (Internet) When conflicting demands are made upon the ego, the feeling is called anxiety. It serves as a signal to the ego that its survival as a whole is in jeopardy. (Internet) There are three different types of anxiety realistic, moral and neurotic. Realistic anxiety is considered fear. Moral anxiety is a feeling that comes from the outer world, although could be considered shame, guilt and the fear of punishment. Neurotic anxiety is the fear of being overwhelmed by the impulses of the id. This is the anxiety that intrigued Freud the most.

Although there are many theories surrounding Freud that could be discussed, the last one, and the most controversial one that I'd like to discuss us the Oedipal crisis. The Oedipal crisis is named after the ancient Greek story of King Oedipus, who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother. (Internet)

The theory works in this manner the fist love-object for humans is out mother. We want her affection, her caresses and her in a broadly sexual way. (Internet) In earlier readings, I found that Freud defined "sexual" as not just intercourse, but all pleasurable sensations of the skin. In theory, the young boy has a rival for his mother's charms his father. His father is bigger, stronger, and smarter and gets to sleep in his mother's bed. Dad is the enemy. (Internet) At this point in his life, the by had recognized that that he differs from girls as there is a difference in hair length and clothing style. From his perspective there is one major difference, he has a penis and girls do not. This is the beginning of "castration anxiety" or a slight fear of loosing one's penis. (Internet) To return to the original issue, the boy recognizes the father's superiority and engages in some of his ego defenses he displaces his sexual impulses on from his mother to girls, later women, and identifies with the aggressor, his father. He attempts to be more like him, or more like a man. The boy will then enter adolescences and then the world of heterosexuality. (Internet) Freud also believes that women experience the same.

The only thing more common that blatant admiration for Freud is the equally blind hatred that people feel towards him. (Internet) Out of the theories previously discussed, the Oedipal complex and the associated ideas behind castration anxiety and penis envy is the least favorite. (Internet) It has been discovered that these rules mostly apply in world in which the families are dysfunctional and are not working in the means intended. These circumstances include parents unhappy with each other that may use their children against each other, or in instances in which girls are ridiculed or forced to think that there are not an equal to men. These symptoms may also be found in circumstances in which parents may threaten to "castrate" a boy for certain behaviors. Ultimately, these circumstances apply in dysfunctional situations. (Internet) If the Oedipal complex was viewed in a metaphoric and not a literal fashion the concepts could be considered useful. Children love their parents. Children learn the standards of a relationship through the images that parents portray in their relationships. Children also imitate the behaviors on the opposite-sex parent therefore playing back into the Oedipal complex. (Internet)

Freud's emphasis on sexuality is another area that is highly criticized. When exploring Freud's theories further, I was amazed at the emphasis on just the word "sex" alone. In further researching the meaning, I found that Freud defined "sexuality" as a sensation to the skin. This definition put the theories in perspective for me. Human beings crave sensations to the skin a hug, a kiss, and a caress. These types of affections are non-verbal forms of love that humans need to survive. I think that another extremely important factor is the time period in which Freud presented his theories. His theories were based on the intense avoidance of sexuality, especially among the middle and upper classes, and especially among women. (Internet) Society today, forgets that "sexuality" was something that was looked down upon. Women who felt sexual desires were automatically considered a prostitute, and a new bride would be taken by surprise on her wedding night (or could faint at the thought). (Internet) I strongly think that Freud helped to open a window of understanding regarding the topic of human sexuality. Freud was strong enough to step from the norm and voice his opinions regarding this highly controversial issue and helped to navigate the way the future would view sexuality. I think that it is admirable that he had a strong enough character to discuss a subject potentially this disastrous to himself and his career.

Freud made people aware of the fact that human behavior was based on biology and rationale. Freud showed the impact that human behavior had on society when it was realized that each individual is responsible for his/ her own actions. Freud proved the importance of family dynamics in a time where society believed that God determined the roles of men and women. (Internet) The id and the superego will be a part of modern psychology from here on out.

The ego defenses are something that I feel is anther important part of Freud's theories. Many criticize Freud's idea of the "unconscious", however it seems to be clear that people in general will manipulate reality and our memories to suit our own needs. (Internet) There are several situations from my past that I know have manipulated to suit what my needs were during those transitions. I also strongly believe that we all have "ghosts in the closet" from past experiences, some that we are even unaware of. These are two specific situations that play into the theory of the "unconscious".

Finally, if not the most useful, is Freud's creation of basic therapy. Most therapists today still adopt the " talking cure" and provide a relaxed, physical and social, atmosphere in which they treat their patients. I feel that this will be another theory that will stick to psychology now and for times to come.

I think that many people tend to disregard all of Freud's ideas because they do not agree with a few. I think that many of Freud's ideas are tied to his times, although I think that there is a few that play an important role in today's society and will continue to play a strong role in the times to come. Freud was excellent at research and was an excellent observer of human conditions. Freud is a name that you can find regarding psychology today and will be a part of psychology in the future.

Works Cited

http//users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.html

http//www.lucidcafe.com/library/6may/freud.html

http//www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm

http//www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL01Klages/freud.html

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Team Dynamics

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Team Dynamics

"Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, and working together is success." - Henry Ford

Many organizations are harnessing the power of teams to improve performance and replace traditional "command and control" methods. Robinson defines a team as "[…] a unit of people with complementary skills who are committed to a unilateral purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for performance to goals using a common process" (Maintenance Management 506). While effective teams may indeed generate synergistic results, ineffective teams may actually prove to be counter-productive. Team dynamics are affected by the characteristics of the individuals and the ways in which they interrelate as a group. Achieving high performance levels with teams is dependent on constructive interaction among the members. Teammates must be able, and willing, to draw on the individual strengths of each other as well as to compensate for weaknesses. While teams are used in many different ways, for this discussion we will focus on project teams.

In constructing a project team, it is important to include members with complementary skills. The proper mix of skills and abilities is a crucial factor in the team's success. The selection process should ensure that the team is composed of people who possess the appropriate technical knowledge, the ability to solve problems effectively, and are able to make sound decisions. It is also important to include members with strong interpersonal skills (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). The latter can be especially important since each team member brings to the group his or her own unique personality, biases, and interests. This diversity is one of the reasons that effective teams are able to achieve levels of performance greater than that of the individuals; however, these differences may also be a source of conflict within the group.

School papers on Team Dynamics

When a team is starting out, if those with stronger skills decide to move forward without consideration of those who do not possess the required skills, the team will begin to fall apart (Yager 11). To prevent this, and achieve optimal results, the team should draw on the knowledge and skills of each member, requiring them to be engaged in the process. Yager notes, "All learning, if it is to be effective, must proceed from awareness to choices and options, and then to applications and change" (11). In designing the way in which a team will operate, it is important to consider the different personality traits of the members and the affect on team dynamics. While some people are influenced more by their feelings, others require facts. Domineering personalities may cause those who are less assertive to withdraw and avoid voicing their views, potentially resulting in a loss of valuable insights. Personality and behavioral style tools such as the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator and the DISC Assessment can provide an insight into the ways individuals may interact with others. With a better understanding of their styles, team members can determine the most effective way to approach each other.

The attitude each member brings to the process will have an influence on the dynamics of the team. Volunteers normally approach the process more positively than those forced into participation will. Some individuals may come to the team with a strong positive or negative bias toward the team objective. For example, if one of the members has previously worked on a project that the team's responsibility, there may be resentment that he or she was not allowed individual credit for the work. Others may lack motivation to participate in a process that does not generate benefits for them as individuals. In an altruistic environment, each member of the team would only consider the benefits to the team goal in their interaction. However, as humans, each member brings their own interests to the team process and, to some extent, will tend to influence situations from a personal gain or loss perspective. If the team is working on a high profile project, some members may view it as an opportunity to improve their visibility within the organization. If individual interests override those of the team, there is likely to be conflict.

Creating a charter is an important first step in setting the team up for success. As the team works on its assignment, it will help maintain focus and guide the process. An effective charter covers areas such as the team's purpose, goals, methods, resources, boundaries, commitments, and process checks. Properly constructed, it can provide a basis to work through the normal issues encountered by new teams and help them deal more effectively with the conflicts that are certain to arise (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). In addition to the charter, the team should develop a good set of ground rules to guide the expectations for interaction of the group. The ground rules should be clear and agreed upon everyone on the team.

Just as each person brings their own personal traits to the team, they also bring a unique background. This allows the team to draw from a variety experience, skill, and knowledge bases in working together. In forming a project team, it is important to assemble a group with the right skills and abilities for the work at hand. This often means the members will come from different functions and levels of an organization with various amounts of experience in working in teams. While building a team with individuals who bring a great deal of knowledge and experience relating to the project may seem ideal, it may also limit the creativity of the team. To obtain the best results, the team should find ways to challenge past methods and current thinking. Utilizing the diversity of experiences across the team may identify new approaches and options to the project at hand. Conversely, the team should contain a level of knowledge and experience to allow them to move forward at an acceptable rate.

As the team works on various aspects of a project, different skills are required. Time spent acquiring the capabilities required for that phase may hinder timely progress. The selection of team members should take into consideration the various functions required for success. Subsequent training and follow-up is necessary to support the team members if the project outcome is to be successful. Effective teams will incorporate learning into the process as a priority. At times, the team must rely on outside means to supplement their own abilities and must establish ways to access these resources.

Another consideration for team selection is the level of authority necessary to achieve results. If the project requires access to financial, labor, or other resources to execute the project, they must have the ability to obtain these resources. The scope and availability of resources granted to the team should be outlined early in the process and agreed upon by management. Teams often struggle in this area if tasked to achieve results without the necessary tools. Once these tools and resources are available, the members may require training and guidance in their use. A team sponsor or mentor may be able to provide the support and guidance necessary to keep the team moving forward.

In some situations, it may be beneficial to include a senior manager or executive with the authority to approve use of resources beyond the scope of the team. A concern with this approach is the effect on team dynamics. There is a natural inclination for people to defer to the "boss" rather than voicing their views. This may inhibit some of the beneficial interaction and idea sharing found in a group of peers. It may be preferable to establish a process for the team to present their needs to the appropriate manager or executive group for approval.

For a team to function effectively there are roles and responsibilities that must be fulfilled, such as leading meetings, agenda distribution, recording minutes, or arranging a meeting place. The ability to achieve results in a team environment is dependent the ability of the team to establish a structure that considers the combination of personalities, skills, and experience. In some teams, leadership responsibilities rest with one individual, others may rotate leadership at determined intervals, and still others may change leadership to best suit various stages of a project. Because of the varied interests, skills, knowledge and abilities of the members within a team, it is important to establish a leader within the team. Goals must be communicated by the leader so that the team members are inspired with a shared vision to maintain a commitment to the success of the project (Taylor 15).

A key role of the leader is to ensure that the group stays on task while promoting participation by all members. It is essential that the team establish the methods for performing tasks and monitoring progress. Since it is very easy for team meetings to get off track, agendas are useful to maintain order, structure, and time control. When meetings continually stray, members may become frustrated or lose interest; however, at times, it does make sense. The leader must make the judgment of when to allow a valuable process to continue despite the agenda. Team leaders must be careful to avoid the use of a member's positional influence to sway the direction of the team.

Most team members dread the task of recording minutes leading many teams to struggle with assigning this responsibility. The recorder must be careful to accurately capture the main meeting topics and decisions and avoid personal bias in presenting the information. Often this role limits direct participation; therefore, it may be desirable to rotate this role. An alternative would be to have a designated recorder who is not a team member to achieve that the greatest level of participation from all team members. Good record keeping will help prevent disagreements later in the process.

There may be other ongoing roles depending on the structure and focus of a team. Tasks such as updating a project timeline or updating a management group are often assigned to one or more members of the group for the duration of the project. Though often overlooked, being a team member is a role in itself. Mark Taylor, president and CEO of TAYLOR Systems Engineering Corp., maintains, "No leader exists without gaining the support of others. The first natural law of leadership changes our view of followers because it recognizes the collegial, partnering role they play. Followers are allies who represent the necessary opposite side of the leadership coin." (15)

A team can function at peak performance when all members take an active part in the team practice. Regardless of the team's structure or function, all members should participate in the process and provide feedback to the group. This can be difficult when there are strong personalities or authority figures on the team. A well-designed team charter and good ground rules will support a process where all team members feel equal and safe to share their views. This is especially important during brainstorming and problem solving processes where breakthroughs are often a result of one idea triggering another. By drawing from the diversity of the group, teams have a greater opportunity to identify new and innovative solutions to the problems they face.

With teams becoming increasingly important in business today, understanding team dynamics will help to ensure they operate effectively. Good teams are able to tap into the diversity of members to achieve higher levels of performance. Drawing upon the various skills and experience of each individual, teams can accomplish things that individuals cannot. Teams will function best in an environment that is committed to their success and provides the support necessary for their development. Establishing processes to evaluate and support teams in achieving effective interaction of members will support organizational goals as well. Without this process, team dynamics may inhibit performance of the group, leading to less than optimal results. The ultimate level of success achieved by the team will be a function of the effectiveness of member interaction. George Eckes, the primary consultant for General Electric Co. wrote in The Six Sigma Revolution, published two years ago "By far the greatest source of team failures is poor team dynamics and poor facilitative leadership behaviors" (qtd. in Taylor 15).Works Cited

Taylor, Mark. "When software fails The problem isn't the software, but the leadership."

Frontline Solutions 8 (00) 15. 10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp.

"Team Success You Can Help Make It Happen." Maintenance Management 506 (1) 5.

10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp.

Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al. Tools for Teams. Boston Pearson

Yager, Ed. "Ropes Courses and Leaders." Enterprise/Salt Lake City 10 (000) 11.

10 March 00. http//web8.epnet.com/delivery.asp.

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Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

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Why Hong Kong?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to show and explain the comparative country risk analysis between the nations of Hong Kong and Chile. The findings of this research are to compare and evaluate the economic and political factors that affect the business environment of these two counties. The main purpose of this document is to illustrate why Hong Kong is better place to invest, compared to another country.

Hong Kong

Essay help on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

Hong Kong Country Profile

Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on July 1, 17. Five years later, it remains the worlds freest economy, tenth-largest trading entity, and ninth-largest banking center. Hong Kongs standard of living exceeds that of Great Britain ($4,506 vs. $,41). The economy has been built on Hong Kongs status as a major trading port and financial center for East Asia. In particular, Hong Kong is renowned for its rule of law, lack of trade barriers, and low taxes. Despite a robust 10.5 percent GDP growth rate in 000, a drop in U.S. economic growth affected Hong Kong seriously and a concomitant fall-off in U.S. imports, with GDP growth collapsing to 0.1 percent in 001. The SAR was hit hard by the regional downturn of 17-8 and the US-led slowdown of 001-0. GDP growth will pick up again when external demand recovers, but the last five years have exposed economic shortcomings. The first is an over-reliance on the property sector for official revenue. This issue has attracted attention since the property price bubble burst in 17, leaving the government with a structural fiscal deficit. The second is rapid infrastructure development in China, which some fear risks sidelining the SAR. In response, officials are seeking to strengthen Hong Kong?s role as an entrep�t, focusing on financial services, logistics, tourism, and producer and professional services.

Hong Kong Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

March B B A B A

February B B B B A

Short-term risk event

Failure to bring about an improvement in the fiscal position?the deficit rose to the equivalent of 5.5% of GDP in 00/0?could prompt renewed speculation over the future of the fixed link between the Hong Kong and US dollars.

Political risk

The passing of laws that prohibit acts of ?treason, secession, sedition and subversion? against the Chinese state, even if less draconian than initially feared, will impinge upon the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The creeping erosion of Hong Kong?s autonomy could damage investor confidence.

Foreign trade

Hong Kong levies virtually no import tariffs or duties and is considered a duty-free port. It also does not maintain anti-dumping or countervailing duties legislation or import quotas. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, some excise duties are charged on four groups of commodities [including] hydrocarbon oil, liquors, methyl alcohol and tobacco. Overall, there are very few barriers to imports in Hong Kong, which has one of the worlds most accessible markets. It is an important market for U.S. exports and consumes U.S. manufactured and agricultural goods at a higher rate per capita than most of the worlds other economies.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

8.4 8.47 5 11 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 16 countries Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

Economic outlook

Strong growth in re-exports will drive GDP growth of .7% in 00 and 4% in 004. However, consumer price deflation will persist in 00-04, as consumer and business confidence remains fragile. The current-account surplus will remain large in 00 (equivalent to 8.7% of GDP) because import growth is held back by weak domestic demand, but it is expected to narrow in 004 as stronger domestic demand boosts imports.

Debt outlook

Hong Kong?s total external debt is forecast to grow from around US$4.5bn (0.% of GDP) in 00 to US$60.bn (4.% of GDP) in 004, as private companies borrow in order to finance expanded operations in mainland China. The debt-service ratio will be low in 00-04, averaging just over .5%.

Economic forecast summary (Table 1)

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) . .7 4.0

Consumer prices (% change; av) -.0 -1.5 -0.8

Exchange rate HK$US$ (av) 7.80 7.80 7.80

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 01,71 7,787 46,606

Goods imports fob -07,100 -,10 -54,47

Trade balance -5,8 -4,4 -7,741

Current-account balance 1,66 14,064 1,14

Current-account balance (% of GDP) 8.6 8.7 7.4

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance ,74 ,44 7,886

Total debt 4,447 56,404 60,44

Total debt service 7,457 8,08 ,05

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) .6 .5 .6

Chile

Chile Country Profile

Chile has been a model of economic reform for Latin America since the beginning of the 180sa record of success that is due in large measure to a trade policy of unilateral liberalization coupled with an almost uniform tariff rate. Yet President Ricardo Lagos, who took office in March 000, has promoted a reversal of labor deregulation and spending restraint. Recently, Chile?s government approved long-promised labor legislation in September 001, adding significantly to the burden of doing business in Chile. Also, the tax on reinvested corporate profits rose from 15 percent to 16 percent, and will increase to 17 percent in 004. The tax increase will finance a cut in personal taxes to stimulate consumption. These two measures raise the cost of investment in Chile and will undermine prospects for lower unemployment, currently at percent; they also cast doubt on whether Chile will remain a model of reform for the rest of Latin America. The Lagos administration has committed to imposing a structural budget surplus rule of 1 percent of GDP but is struggling to keep its commitment. Chile recently signed a free trade agreement with the European Union, which now awaits ratification in Congress, and is engaged in trade negotiations with the United States. In addition, the low economic growth of the past five years, averaging .5 percent per year, prompted a meeting between representatives of the public and private sectors to elaborate a pro-growth agenda, which has yet to be introduced in Congress. Chiles fiscal burden of government score is 0.5 point better this year; however, both its government intervention and regulation scores are 1 point worse. As a result, Chiles overall score is 0.15 point worse this year, causing Chile to be classified as a mostly free economy.

Chile Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

September B 1 A A C A

June B A A C A

Short-term risk event

A deterioration in crisis-hit Mercosur would have a negative impact on Chiles already volatile currency.

Political Risk

Although the ruling Concertacion and the opposition Alianza por Chile (the Alianza) coalitions have reverted to traditional consensus politics, the president, Ricardo Lagos, will use political polarisation in an attempt to stem the rise of Joaquin Lavin, the likely presidential candidate for the Alianza in 005. Nevertheless, the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) constituent of Concertacion will maintain a moderating influence on government political strategy. Despite a wider than previously forecast fiscal deficit for 00, fiscal policy remains cautious.

Foreign trade

On January 1, 00, according to the U.S. Trade Representative, the government reduced the flat tariff rate of 8 percent on most products to 7 percent. Chile has by far the best tariff regime in its region; however, its tariffs are still high by global standards. On some agricultural goods, such as wheat, vegetable oils, and sugar, Chile applies duties on top of the existing tariff rate, and this can increase the effective tariff rate dramatically. The U.S. Trade Representative reports that due to low international wheat prices in 1 and 000, this system led to applied import duties as high as 0 percent, well above Chiles WTO bound rate. In May 001, the price band was temporarily lowered until March 00. Since agriculture is one of the most important export sectors, barriers on agricultural products distort trade significantly. If the price band increases after March 00, Chiles trade policy score could worsen in future editions of the Index.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

7.1 7.4 0 0 1 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 8 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela

Economic outlook

GDP growth will weaken to .4% in 00, but should recover in 00 as confidence in both the domestic and global economies improves. Inflation is expected to remain within the -4% range set by the Central Bank. The current-account deficit will be manageable in the forecast period.

Debt outlook

The expansion of the debt stock is slowing and Chiles debt profile remains healthy. The debt-service ratio will decline in the forecast period on the back of higher export earnings and lower debt repayments.

Economic forecast summary (Table )

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) .8 .4 4.

Consumer prices (% change; av) .6 .1 .

Exchange rate Ps US$ (av) 66. 685.47 60.54

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 17,440 18, 0,87

Goods imports fob -15,877 -16,0 -18,601

Trade balance 1,56 ,11 ,6

Current-account balance -0 -0 -565

Current-account balance (% of GDP) -1.4 -1.4 -0.8

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance -5,7 -4,84 -4,10

Total debt 7,5 ,17 41,47

Total debt service 6,486 4,40 4,716

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) 7.8 1.1 18.1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The GDP is measures the value of a nations output of goods and services for some period of time, usually a year. GDP can increase for two distinct reasons. It can increase because more goods and services are being produced, or it can increase because prices of goods and services have risen. The economic forecast summary tables (tables 1 and ), revel in recent data that Hong Kong?s is much stronger in its GDP than is Chile. Chile?s GDP is clearly poor compared to Hong Kong?s. Hong Kong?s GDP is definitively very high, compared to Chile?s and to other nation?s and this fact is really proven through both, recent and historical economic data.

Conclusion

According to the findings of this research, both nations have advantages and disadvantages over their economic, political and business environment factors. Hence, it is very hard to say that these two nations (Hong Kong and Chile) are similar in their country risk structure. What is a fact is that Chile and Hong Kong are very different in most ideologies of economic expansion and development. Political and economic risks of both countries are definitively the driven forces that control and expand the business environment of each, but at the same time these forces are the power that removes barriers of foreign trade and investment of both nations. Chile?s foreign trade status is low, limited and pessimistic. During many years, Chile has been struggling a lot in improving and expanding its foreign trade rank, even nowadays. During the time, Chile?s trade barriers have been fixed and improved, but they still high by global standards. In other hand, Hong Kong?s foreign trade and investment barriers are highly much lower than Chile?s in terms of import tariffs, quotas, duties etc. In short, Hong Kong is better place to invest, relatively to Chile, because of its low level of protectionism.

References

Library References (UHD) Historical Economic Growth

Online Journals. Web sites

http//www.heritage.org/research/features/index/

http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,16,00.html

http//www.econ.pncbank.com/cra.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Creating Together

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Creating Together

In our daily lives, on our traveling path, we are always confronting obstacles and decisions that would affect the direction in which we are going. However, the ultimate end of a journey doesn't only depend on us, it is also influenced by people we encounter. Two novels, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Animal Dreams, by Barbara Kingsolver, had successfully drawn the main character's journey of life. Gatsby and Codi's lifestyles are totally different throughout both novels, but their journeys are similar in a way that they both affected by other characters they encounter on the way.

Gatsby became very wealthy, but he began life as just an ordinary, lower-class, citizen. Even before Gatsby is introduced, it is hinted that he is out of the ordinary. The first evidence of this is when Nick says, "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (GG 6). Nothing was known about Gatsby at the time and Nick is already saying Gatsby was okay. There's an air of mystery surrounding Gatsby. Everyone knows of him but no one knows who he really is or where he comes from.

When Gatsby was still James Gatz, be had a dream of leaving his life on the farm behind and becoming a part of the upper-class. Even Gatsby's father knew when he said, "If he'd lived, he'd of been a great man" (GG 176). According to Berman "That phrase "great man" is important and will be widely intertextual from 106 to 1. Greatness is not simply personal; it has public shape and consciousness" (11~1).

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Gatsby's first real break in the outside world was when he met a wealthy yachtsman, Don Cody. Gatsby was seventeen at the time and had just left his life on the farm. "When Gatsby is seventeen years old, Don Cody comes sailing into his world"

(Lehan 4). It is Cody who showes Gatsby the ways of the world and develops Gatsby's appreciation for wealth. "[…] becomes Gatsby's image of the wealthy and successful man." (Bloom 8). "To young Gatz, resting on his oars and looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (GG 106). Fitzgerald uses this quote to mark the point at which Gatsby encounters wealth and power for the first time, and also, he uses it to symbolize Gatsby's social standing and economic status. By comparing Gatsby's rowboat with Codi's luxurious yacht, Fitzgerald presents the idea that money and power translate into bigger and better things. The event is symbolic in that it illustrates Gatsby's perception that wealth is a necessity. By saying that he was "looking up" to "all the beauty and glamour in the world," Fitzgerald makes it evident that Gatsby idolized this lifestyle. Lehan concludes that "Once Gatsby begins to go about Don Cody's business in the realm that has replaced the frontier, he indeed goes in pursuit of meretricious beauty" (51).

After Gatsby was introduced to Daisy, she was the only thing that mattered to him. To Gatsby, Daisy's character is metaphor for his hope and dreams. However, she married Tom Buchanan, "[…] who is so wealthy that he could give her a $50,000 pearl necklace for a wedding present" (Lehan 106). The most significant difference between Tom and Gatsby was their economic and social standing in society. Tom was wealthy and powerful, and Gatsby was from a middle class Midwestern family with little money or prestige to their name. Gatsby dreams of one day reuniting with Daisy and recapturing the love he lost, and he accomplishes this by acquiring the wealth and social status, which he lacked five years before. Gatsby invites Tom and Daisy to one of his parties and to display his new position among society's elite, Gatsby says, "You must see the faces of many people you've heard about" (111). Gatsby also refers to Tom as "the polo player", implying that Tom is insignificant compared to the many "celebrities" present at the party (111). Daisy, however, is impressed by Gatsby's exorbitant amount of wealth, but "once Daisy comes to understand the source of Gatsby's money her interest in him is gone forever" says Lehan (57). Daisy was both the main cause of Gatsby's great wealth, and also the only cause of foolishness in his life.

If Don Cody is the first of Gatsby's new fathers then Meyer Wolfsheim is Gatsby's second father figure, according to Lehan (56). Gatsby's life between the war and when he's introduced in the book is quite vague. It is known that he at some point went into business with Meyer Wolfsheim who was very much involved in New York bootlegging and had possible connections with the Mafia. Wolfsheim claims to have made Gatsby the man that he was.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson have almost nothing to do with Gatsby throughout the novel, but it is a coincidence that Gatsby had to end his life by this two characters. Towards the end, Gatsby wouldn't give up on Daisy. After the accident in which Daisy killed Mrs. Wilson, it was the end for her and Gatsby. And yet "He couldn't possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. He was clutching at some last hope […]" (GG 155). Daisy couldn't possibly face the fact that she might go to jail and she knew Gatsby would take her blame. Because of Tom's lie and Gatsby's willingness to accept the blame for Daisy, Gatsby had face death by a stranger, Wilson.

Gatsby's journey ends in a lonely and meaningless way. His death is cathartic because his dream is never satisfied. He could have never fulfilled a prosperous life living for a past love. When Daisy leaves with Tom, and Gatsby loses her, it is the death of his dreams. Gatsby's death is symbolic of the death of the dreams. If Mrs. George would not have come along to end his life, Gatsby would have killed himself. Everything he worked for and everything he did, he did for Daisy. Without her, his life was meaningless; however, he could have been a great man who would have "[…] helped build up the country" (GG 176). Because most of the people Gatsby encountered were bad influences, this is the only way his life could had ended. Don Cody and Meyer Wolfsheim affected Gatsby's idea of making money through illegal activities, and Daisy made Gatsby live in the past, he could never achieve the American Dream. If he never had met them, he might have had a better life and a better end of his journey.

Like Gatsby, Codi comes from an ordinary family, and had a normal childhood, except she lost her mother at age three. When her mother Alice passed away she took part of Homero with her. What she left was a misfit of time and circumstance; an emotionally distraught and distant man who attempted to resemble a father but veered more towards the tin man. Homero existed beyond his wife as only a page out of an instruction manual, the one with the caution statement. Homero's delicate heart decided that the only way to endure Alice's death was to flush any memory of her out of his fortified technical realm which throughout the novel becomes increasingly skewed. Kingsolver pushes home this idea by omitting Alice from any of Homero's frequent flashbacks which are usually mishaps from the past involving his daughters. These incidents are his only recollection of his daughters' estranged childhood in which he strained to create strong women out of confused, motherless children. Homer's fear of becoming attached to anything which reminded him of Alice resulted in an unorthodox childhood for Hallie and Codi. Homero was more of a baby sitter than a real father. Retaining only his technical aptitude after Alice died all he could do was providing his kids with orthopedic shoes and the correct medicine. When not fixing Codi or Hallie's present or future ailments, Homero took photographs of natural objects and slyly transformed them into man-made devices by doing what he seemed to be best at, distorting images.

Codi, similar to her father mentally, blocked out her past. Her childhood remained within her as only a series of stained and misplaced memories. Codi attempted to follow in her father's footprints, fixing every one of life's problems with an internal wrench. Homero is a metaphor for Codi's loss of memory and her attempt to find her past. By approaching life from behind this falsified image, Codi managed to distance herself from everything and everyone who could have hurt her. One aspect of life from which Codi was bred to be distanced is the past. As Codi grew older, she began wondering about her family's past. Homero basically told her they had no past. So with no past and no identity, Codi lived, searching for security and stability through a mother figure. Everywhere Codi went she managed to find a mother figure. Whether it be a man or a woman friend or even Hallie, Codi hid herself in other people's security. This search for stability is catalyzed by the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood. The lack of maternal instinct in Codi left her with no sense of direction, therefore; she searched aimlessly for years, for herself.

Codi is unable to become self-aware, because her dependency on her sister was so strong. A direct result of Codi's insecurities is the development of Hallie as a primary source of security. She is Codi's safe haven where she can escape when her problems become overwhelming or perplexing. Hallie is defined as her stability in this way. Hallie offers a blanket of protection from Codi's personal insecurities. Codi's dependence on Hallie as a haven from her feelings is evident in Codi's reaction to her old, high school friend Emelina. Emelina recalled Codi's childhood protests of killing chickens, but Codi said, "No, that was Hallie. She's the one that had such a soft heart. We've always been real different that way" (AD ). Codi's recollection of Hallie as the one who protested the death of the animals when in fact it was Codi, shows that Codi has no realization of her own cares and sensitivities because she projects them upon Hallie. Codi's inability to distinguish her individual feelings from Hallie's is because she continually projects them onto Hallie so she doesn't have to deal with them.

Hallie is a metaphor for a sense of direction and purpose. Hallie has knowledge of direction that seems to escape Codi. Hallie knows what she wants to do and what is necessary to attain it. Codi, however, drifts through life with no specific purpose. She maintains her existence anywhere that doesn't require any effort or emotional discomfort to her. Codi interprets Hallie's move to Nicaragua as an example of Hallie's keen sense of direction and her own lack of one. Codi doesn't see any future direction for herself. "[…] I had no mission beyond personal survival; it was nothing like Hallie's going to Nicaragua" (AD 107). Codi's lack of direction also stems from her dominant feelings of being an outsider. Codi has never felt accepted by any environment and she is constantly amazed by Hallie's instant ability to become comfortable. For example, she tells these feelings to Hallie in a letter expressing her admiration of Hallie at being able to be compatible with the environment surrounding her. "All I want is to be like you, to be brave, to walk into a country of chickens and land mines and call it home, and have it be home" (AD 00). However, she doesn't realize that it isn't her uneasiness with her environment but with herself that makes it difficult to be comfortable in any environment.

Codi's life since her fall from Grace is a long list of failures. But when she came back to her hometown, she finds herself busier that she expected. She meets Loyd Peregrina and they fall into an affair that threatens to turn serious. "Loyd is a fertile character, who has a profound understanding of how to carefully cultivate the fertile land" (Sparknotes). He drives her about neighboring reservations and takes her to some ancient Pueblo villages. She begins to see a difference between inhabiting the land and trying to conquer it. "To people who think of themselves as God's houseguest, American enterprise must seem arrogant beyond belief. Or stupid. A nation of amnesiacs, proceeding as if there were no other day but today" (AD 40).

Because Codi's education is a great help to their cause, Codi joins the Stitch and Bitch Club, and with Codi's help they set out to save the town from the mining company. As she becomes a part of the community effort to save the town, Codi begins to learn more about her own family's past, and gradually comes to understand that those women, twenty years before, were "[…] fifty mothers who'd been standing at the edges of my childhood, ready to make whatever contribution was needed at the time" (AD 8).

Hallie's departure in combination with Doc Homero's bout with Alzheimer's disease allows Codi an opportunity to confront her past and insecurities. After Hallie's death, Codi is able to retain Hallie's message of finding a direction and what purpose that direction should have. Hallie explains to Codi that "[…] the very least you can do in your life is to figure out what you hope for. And the most you can do is live inside that hope. Not admire it from a distance but live right in it, under its roof" (AD ). This message allows Codi to find her direction and live it. She does this by coming to the realization that her lack of direction is from her innate feeling of not being accepted. The main criterion for acceptance in Grace according to Codi was to have been born with blue eyes. The legend of the town is that if you were born with blue eyes you were a descendent of the Gracela Sisters, after whom the town is named. Codi discovers childhood pictures which show that she was born with blue eyes. After discovering that she is part of the town's blue-eyed tradition, she feels a symbolic acceptance. She can then further pursue her personal direction by adhering to Hallie's advice. This direction is realized by the desire to remain in Grace. She stays in Grace to help the Stitch and Bitch Club protest against the environmental catastrophe they face. She is also able to accept the responsibility of her own stable career as a biology teacher and raise a family herself with respect from the people around her.

Codi expands her concept of family. She is able to feel an emotional attachment to the people of Grace and in particular to her boyfriend, Loyd Peregrina, an Apache who fathered Codi's miscarried baby. Codi began to discover an awareness of relationships and acceptance that made her secure within herself. She is now capable of identifying the immense love around her that includes Loyd, Emelina, her family, her students, and her fifty mothers from the Stitch and Bitch Club. Codi realizes the amount of support she has as a result of Hallie's funeral. All of the people who love Codi are present to share her grief. This enables her to feel an assurance of support. This sentiment is captured in the phrase, "[…] Whenever I thought I might fall or just cease to exist, the pressure of their shoulders held me there" (AD 7). Hallie's death allows Codi to redefine her ideological needs for a family. Codi is then able to settle down and conceive a child with Loyd.

Alice's early death causes the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood, and Homero's inability to make peace with the past confront Codi to fit in somewhere and to find a meaning for her life. Also, as long as Hallie is alive she is a safe haven for Codi to escape to when the truth of her personality becomes too apparent. But on the other hand, Alice, Homero, and Hallie are the great influences on Codi to find her identity and meaning of life. Especially Hallie might have taught Codi how to deal with insecurities and find a reason to live. Rudman says that "Siblings who grow up together learn each other's characteristics […]" (11). Even though she had many failures in her past, Codi truly grows up because of the people around her. Smiley states that "[…] her journey is a gesture, made to relieve her general sense of uselessness." Codi is able to find a direction in her life and she begins to establish a foundation for her future. She is able to secure a family, friends, a career, and an established place within Grace. According to Ryan, it is typical of Kingsolver's styles is that everyone in her books turns out to be good. (81)

We believe that our future is formed by us, and it is true that we create our own dream. However, as it has been shown in The Great Gatsby, and Animal Dreams, our life doesn't only depend on our decisions, it is also influenced by the people we encounter. The ultimate end of our journey could be as bad as Gatsby's, if we surround ourselves with bad influences. We could also find our meaning of life as Codi did, if we meet good people. Through these two novels, I realized that I can affect people around just me as I am influenced by people I encounter. Please note that this sample paper on Creating Together is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Creating Together, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Creating Together will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Short Message Service: What, How and Where?

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Introduction

Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message center (SMS) which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that the recipient is not available, the short message is stored and can be sent later. Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text (alphanumeric) or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interesting feature of SMS is return receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short message was delivered to the intended recipient. Since SMS used signaling channel as opposed to dedicated channels, these messages can be sent/received simultaneously with the voice/data/fax service over a GSM network. SMS supports national and international roaming. This means that you can send short messages to any other GSM mobile user around the world. With the PCS networks based on all the three technologies, GSM, CDMA and TDMA supporting SMS, SMS is more or less a universal mobile data service.

à Note The actual limit of size of SMS is 160 characters if Latin alphabets are used. If non-Latin alphabets like Chinese or Arabic are used, the limit is 70 characters.

How does SMS work

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The figure below shows a typical organization of network elements in a GSM network supporting SMS.

The SMC (Short Message Center) is the entity, which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. The SME (Short Message Entity), which can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages.

The SMS GWMS (SMS gateway MSC) is a gateway MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile network's point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register.

HLR is the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC.

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network, which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network.

A VLR (Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information form the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTS's), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.

To use the Short Message Service, users need the relevant subscriptions and hardware, specifically

Ø A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports SMS

Ø Use of SMS must be enabled for that user (automatic access to the SMS is given by some mobile network operators, others charge a monthly subscription and require a specific opt-in to use the service)

Ø A mobile phone that supports SMS

Ø Knowledge of how to send or read a short message using their specific model of mobile phone

Ø Destination to send a short message to, or receive a message from. This is usually another mobile phone but may be a fax machine, PC or Internet address.

Applications

Some of the common applications of SMS are

· Exchanging small messages like See you at 8.0 tonight at xyz. SMS is particularly suited for these kinds of short messages because SMS is much cheaper than calling some one and giving the same message. Calling some one to give the same message would invariably take more time and hence more cost.

· Many operators offer e-mail service over SMS. Every user is assigned an e-mail address at signup and any message delivered to that email is converted to short messages and delivered to the mobile.

· It is possible to send e-mail messages (less than 160 characters) from a mobile phone to any e-mail address via SMS.

· Information services like news, weather, entertainment and stock prices etc. can be availed just by sending a keyword like NEWS, WEATH etc to the short message center number.

· SMS can be used by the network operators to provide services like balance enquiry in case of prepaid cards using SMS.

· Mobile chatting is one more hot application of SMS

· SMS can be used to notify users that they have received new voice-mail or fax messages.

· It provides an alternative to alphanumeric paging services

· Using SIM-Toolkit, now a part of GSM specifications, SMS can be used to have on the air activation of features. By sending codes embedded in short messages from the server network operators can remotely provision the users wireless terminal

· Internet e-mail alerts.

· Downloading new ring tones.

Limitations of SMS

There is no doubt that SMS has been very popular. The figures in the section above support this. What is more interesting to observe is that this popularity has been in spite of many limitations of SMS. Many of these limitations are the driving force behind the developments and initiatives being taken in the field of short messaging. Some of the limitations of SMS are

· Messages are plain vanilla in nature. You can only send simple text messages. There is no scope for any graphics or audio.

However

As mentioned in the next section EMS would help fill this gap.

· The messages are limited by size. An SMS message can't exceed 160 characters. (BTW this limitation is due to the limitation in the MAP protocol in GSM) In case of longer e-mails or information service messages like news, the messages need to broken down into more than one message. The need to break the messages into several smaller segments could make SMS comparatively costlier in comparison to GPRS (for the same kind of service). Also, This doesn't look very appealing on a mobile device!

However

MMS (talked about later) would remove the limitation of small messages

· The limitation of easy input mechanisms in mobile devices makes it very uncomfortable sending messages larger than even 5-6 words.

However

Predictive text input algorithms implemented in a mobile phone can greatly help. Voice recognition systems can further help ease the situation

· SMS operators use many proprietary protocols and application developers need to implement different interfaces for making their applications work with different SMS centers. X.5 is used as a popular protocol for connecting with SMS centers.

· SMS protocol data units as defined in GSM 0.40 are also not very efficient. The various header fields in the PDU are fixed which puts a constraint on the scenarios that can be indicated. G specifications are being looked up to look and address these constraints.

· Data rate and latency. GPRS and USSD provide better data rates and lower latency compared to SMS. This is because SMS uses the slow signaling channel, which is used for many other things also in GSM.

However

MMS will use data channels and hence higher rates and lower latency.

· The store and forward nature of SMS, though useful in many applications makes SMS not very suitable for WAP

Initiatives and future developments

SMS is a first generation GSM service. As described in the previous section, SMS has some inherent limitations. The majority of these are to do with the fact that SMS is plain vanilla in nature. Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is a mechanism by which you can send a comparatively richer message that are combination of text, simple melodies, pictures (simple, black and white) and animations to an EMS compliant handset. The service is very much based on the existing SMS. It basically extends the User Data Header (UDH) in SMS (UDH makes it possible to include binary information in the message header) and infact needs no upgrade to the network infrastructure. The handsets however need to be EMS compliant. The first EMS handsets should be available by mid of 001.

à In EMS there are 10 different predefined sounds including low and high chimes and chords, Ding, TaDa, Claps, Drum and Notify.

à EMS standards are a part of rd Generation Partnership Project (GPP) technical specification G TS .040, Technical realization of the Short Message Service (SMS)

The next step in the evolution of SMS, which requires substantial changes in the network infrastructure, is the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) that allows a combination of text, sounds, images and video. MMS will support pictures and interactive video. It will be possible, for example, to send mobile greeting cards and visiting cards using MMS. MMS uses standardized protocols like WAP, MExE and SMTP. While EMS requires content reformatting for mobile devices, there is no such requirement for MMS. Theoretically MMS may run on any bearer service, but practically it would require GPRS or G bearer services before it starts appearing. AS opposed to SMS, MMS needs a dedicated channel. It would also require new network elements like Multimedia Messaging Relays, MMS Server and MMS User Databases. While MMS trials have been planned in mid 001, the first MMS compliant handsets are expected to hit the market only in end 00. MMS is being standardized by the GPP

à According to GPP standards MMS is a new service, which has no direct equivalent in the previous ETSI/GSM world or in the fixed network world.

SMS, WAP, and GPRS?

Where does SMS go with services like WAP and GPRS? Well, The first thing to understand is that SMS is a bearer service. It is a mechanism of sending short messages. WAP provides the user with services and protocols that can be used on top of SMS. With the increased use of WAP, the SMS traffic in networks should see considerable increase.

GPRS, on the other hand, is a packet based data service that provides much higher throughput. Unlike SMS, it provides a real time data bearer. The users always stay connected to the network. But GPRS and SMS don't really compete with each other in the real sense. The costs involved in sending small messages for an end user in case of SMS are expected to be lower than that in GPRS (packet data) service because the responsibility for sending the message to the recipient in case of SMS lies entirely on the short message center as opposed to the user in GPRS. In GPRS there is no concept of storage. Confirmation of delivery is a unique feature of SMS because of the very nature of short message service. Simultaneous transmission with GSM voice, data, and fax services is another distinguishing characteristic of SMS.

True, GPRS will be a much better option to use for services like WAP, but the availability of GPRS and GPRS-compliant handsets will take some time to pickup. Also, SMS needs no special network elements and handsets. It is something that almost every mobile user has and can use to send messages to any other mobile user without worrying about the capabilities of that mobile and its network!

Conclusions

SMS, because of its very nature has unique advantages that other non-voice services do not have. It provides a very convenient method of exchanging small bits of information between mobile users. The reasons for the enormous popularity of SMS have been the fact that this mechanism of sending and receiving messages not only saves time but costs less as well. In many situations one is relatively much more comfortable sending a message via SMS than talking over phone. With new information services and unique value added services being used by the operators the popularity of SMS is increasing further. SMS is also uniquely positioned as a very attractive advertisement medium. SMS should no longer be treated as a value added service in mobile networks. SMS is not only providing a useful mechanism for a host of innovative services over mobile networks but it acting as a point of entry for new data services like WAP in mobile networks.

Abbreviations

SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol

MexE Mobile station application execution environment

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPP Third Generation Partnership Program

MAP Mobile Application Part

TDMA Time division multiple access

CDMA Code division multiple access

An Introduction to the Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)

Ø The Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is the ability to send ring tones and operator logos and other simple visual messages to EMS capable handsets and additionally the ability to send and receive a combination of simple media such as melodies, pictures, sounds, animations, modified text and standard text as an integrated message for display on an EMS compliant handset.

Ø The Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is a standard developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (GPP) to embrace and extend the ability to send ringtones and operator logos and other simple visual messages to EMS capable handsets and additionally the ability to send and receive a combination of simple media such as melodies, pictures, sounds, animations, modified text and standard text as an integrated message for display on an EMS compliant handset. There are many different potential combinations of these media. For example, when an exclamation mark appears in the enhanced message, a melody could be played. A simple black and white image could be displayed along with some text and this sound effect. As such, EMS has two main applications person-to-person messaging and phone personalization.

Ø New phones supporting EMS are needed. Support for EMS is widespread amongst terminal manufacturers such as Ericsson, Alcatel, Siemens and Motorola.

Ø However, network modifications to support EMS are minimized. Extending the use of the long established and widely used User Data Header (UDH) common in SMS has standardized the Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). The UDH makes it possible to include binary data in a normal short message prior the text message itself. EMS is an enhancement to SMS but is very similar to SMS in terms of using the store and forward SMS Centers, the signaling channel and the like to realize EMS. EMS has little or no impact on today's SMS Centers. The introduction of EMS should be totally transparent to SMS Centers since they already support the User Data Header. This is a key advantage to EMS- the fact that network operators need make no additional investments to SMS Centers or network infrastructure providing their networks already support binary 8 bit messaging and unless EMS message volumes mean investment in new SMS Center capacity. The principal modification to existing SMS Centers would be in the case that mobile network operators wanted to charge differently for EMS- in such a case, the SMS Center would need to record the relevant technical values and generate Call Detail Records for billing purposes accordingly. Some network operators have indeed started investigating whether they can change their charging policy for EMS compared with SMS. They would like to charge for one enhanced message, instead of several SMS. One EMS can be made up of several short messages.

Ø Initially, EMS will be like smart messaging in terms of user trends. In other words, people will use websites and premium rate services to request a ring tone or operator logo for their phone. In such cases, how many other EMS capable phones that are out there is largely irrelevant- all that matters is that the individual wants to participate in the whole cool ringtones services world. In the later stages, as EMS devices ship from several vendors in large volumes, EMS transactions will start to involve person-to-person messaging, like SMS. People will use the ability to add simple media extensions to EMS as a means to send more creative and interesting text messages to each other. This later person-to-person capability is what EMS was originally designed for, unlike Smart Messaging that only supports the forwarding of picture messages from phone to phone.

Ø The sender of an enhanced message composes the message on their EMS compliant device. The EMS user who decides when or where to insert other media such as pictures or sounds can enter text. In practice, it will be challenging to design an intuitive user interface for enhanced message composition from a handset, which may only be able to store a few basic images. Some handset vendors believe that the majority of the enhanced messages will be created directly in the phones because nowadays, even the low-end phones have relatively large displays. Early indicators are however that the picture editors in EMS phones are difficult to use, hence composition of enhanced messages is likely to therefore be principally something that is driven from Internet sites.

Ø If an enhanced message is sent to a handset that does not support EMS there might well be a problem because EMS messages may be binary encoded and legacy phones might fail to display those EMS messages at all. In the case of an alternate textual representation of EMS data and corresponding user data headers, the message would show garbage text fragments making no sense to the recipient. This is exactly what happens when you send a Nokia smart message to a non-Nokia handset today. Non-binary EMS messages sent to a non-EMS handset (e.g. EMS messages containing text formatting but not pictures or animations) may well be displayed as plain text, depending on handset vendor implementations. The current GPP standards do not currently require non-EMS handsets to implement filters that help render incoming EMS as normal text messages. This example also illustrates the need for an intelligent converter that helps to represent a message with enhanced text formatting in a way suitable for legacy, non-EMS handsets.

What is WAP?

Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson and the US software company Phone.com (formerly Unwired Planet) were the initial partners that teamed up to develop and deploy the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WAP is an attempt to define the standard for how content from the Internet is filtered for mobile communications. WAP was developed because content is now readily available on the Internet, and there needs to be a way of making it easily available to mobile terminals. One of the reasons why the mobile industry has got so excited about WAP is because it combines two of the fastest growing industries wireless and the Internet.

The Wireless Application Protocol is a protocol designed for use with · Any existing or planned wireless service such as SMS, Circuit Switched Data, Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)· Any mobile network standard such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobiles (GSM), or Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

The Wireless Application Protocol incorporates a relatively simple micro-browser into the mobile phone. As such, WAP's requirement for only limited resources on the mobile phone makes it suitable for today's standard small screened handsets. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is designed to add value-added services by putting the intelligence in the WAP servers whilst adding just a micro-browser to the mobile phones themselves. Microbrowser-based services and applications reside temporarily on servers, not permanently in phones. The Wireless Application Protocol is aimed at turning a mass-market mobile phone into a network-based smartphone.

The Wireless Application Protocol embraces and extends the previously conceived and developed wireless data protocols such as the technology developed by Phone.com (formerly Unwired Planet) and Nokia's Smart Messaging.

This technology has been incorporated into WAP- and renamed using some of the many WAP-related acronyms such as WMLS, WTP and WSP. Someone with a WAP-compliant phone uses the in-built micro-browser to make a request in for information or service. This request is passed to a WAP Gateway that then retrieves the information from a Internet server either in standard HTML format or preferably directly prepared for wireless terminals using Wireless Markup Language (WML). If the content being retrieved is in HTML format, a filter in the Wireless Application Protocol Server may try to translate it into WML. The requested information is then sent from the WAP Gateway to the WAP client, using whatever mobile network bearer service is available and most appropriate.

The rhetoric about the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has finally given way to the reality as mobile network operators have realized that there is little money to be made or competitive advantage to be gained from WAP today - everyone (and we mean everyone) is doing it - and very few are doing it with any impact or innovation (everyone is doing the same tired services we have seen before and all through Internet portals

Somehow WAP, a mere protocol, a means to an end, got elevated it into an end in itself. Many IT companies, financial analysts, advertising agencies and web design agencies were sucked into the whole full Mobile Internet access myth and over-promised and under-delivered The lessons from WAP do not bode well for the mobile data revolution that we all anticipate. Lots of people have been misled and lots of claims have been exaggerated but no real damage has been done. We will get to the Mobile Internet but need to be full and frank in making people clear of the current limitations of mobile devices.

The mobile communications industry itself should have known better but then data is a new thing and everyone was looking for a way to make it successful to get Circuit Switched Data traffic up and make information services a success finally. Some pundits are joking that the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) really should be renamed Where Are the Phones! Network operators and retailers are finding it hard to get large volumes of working WAP phones.

Unfortunately, mention of customers has been neglected in the whole WAP story - the phones, tariffs, service configuration and provisioning, service access and all other elements of the value chain have been disregarded. For example

· It is very difficult to configure WAP phones for new WAP services, with 0 or so different parameters needing to be entered to gain access to a WAP service. Only the Nokia 7110 can be programmed over the air to take the burden of WAP service configuration away from the user. This is described in details for the Nokia 7110 and Motorola L series in the new edition of Data on WAP, published by Mobile Streams in December 1. Many operators are working with phone manufacturers to receive their WAP phones with their WAP Gateway settings preprogrammed.· WAP is a protocol that runs on top of an underlying bearer. None of the existing GSM bearers for WAP - the Short Message Service (SMS), Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and Circuit Switched Data (CSD) are optimized for WAP. The forthcoming General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) with its immediacy and packet transport and new tariffing models is a more ideal bearer. The TDMA standards body designed a new bearer called GUTS especially for use with WAP services.· WAP services are expected to be expensive to use since the tendency is to be on-line for a long Circuit Switched Data (CSD) call since features such as interactivity and selection of more information are used by the end user. It takes several short messages to send one piece of information through WAP. Without specific tariff initiatives, there are likely to be some bill-shocked and surprised WAP users when they see their mobile phone bill for the first time after starting using WAP, even if their user experience was good.· The WAP standard is incomplete, with key elements such as Push (proactive sending of information to mobile devices) and wireless telephony (updating address reports and the like) not yet standardized (they will be standardized in WAP 1., due for standardization in late 1 and first implementation in Spring 000). Proprietary push protocols from the likes of Phone.com could complicate implementation of Push.· There are many WAP Gateway vendors out there competing against each other with largely the same standardized product. This has led to consolidation such as the pending acquisition of APiON by Phone.com.· Other protocols such as SIM Application Toolkit and Mobile Station Application Execution Environment (MExE) are respectively already widely supported or designed to supercede WAP. It will be interesting to see how all these protocols handle convergence with the forthcoming new open Internet standard XML.

It might have been better to wait until WAP 1. and GPRS are implemented before launching WAP services commercially. Plans for updating the WAP 1.1 phones that are now being sold to WAP 1. are unclear. Have these issues even been considered? We think we know why customers have been ignored by the WAP Forum having attended the proceedings at the WAP Forums meeting in London in the summer of 1. The WAP Forum is divided into Experts Groups who sit around and discuss arcane technical details in mind numbing detail. You might think that the Marketing Experts Group would be interested in customers and keeping the proceedings customer centric but no, it turns out that all they are interested in is how many press articles have been written about WAP. We didnt hear the word customer once during the proceedings.

We certainly think that WAP WILL BE important to enable the smooth transition from one bearer to another such as the migration of existing applications to GPRS. We are certainly at a crossroads in mobile communications as we move from voice to non-voice centric services. We have a lot to learn from WAP and other services. Within 18 months, all new mobile phones will support WAP, but how many subscribers will there be?Please note that this sample paper on Short Message Service: What, How and Where? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Short Message Service: What, How and Where?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Short Message Service: What, How and Where? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty

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In the novel Cal, the author Bernard Mac Laverty has used different settings to influence the reader to respond in certain ways to the ideas presented. The ideas that are raised in this short, but inspiring story are love, compassion, depression, truth, the dehumanisation of humans and the loss of innocence at war, fear and religious hate and finding ones own sanctuary from life's miseries. Maclaverty expresses these ideas very effectively throughout the novel and conjures certain emotional responses from the reader towards the ideas raised. He does this through the different settings in the novel such as the library, where we are introduced the ideas of love and innocence and then the abattoir where the reader is confronted with death and killing. The church, the derelict cottage and Cal Mc Luskey's are also settings used by Mac Laverty to influence the reader to respond to the ideas raised.

Throughout this novel we come across many locations where important events take place which in turn illustrate certain ideas discussed in the novel. On the first page we are introduced to the protagonist, Cal as he goes to visit his father Shamie at his work in the local abattoir. Mac Laverty has placed the first scene at the abattoir in order to demonstrate to the reader Cal's disgust at the smells, sights and sounds of killing and how they make him feel ill inside. This has raised the idea of killing and death and how it was a big part of Cal's life and most people living in Northern Ireland at the time. Mac Laverty describes this place of death as Cal sees it, "Men in white coats and baseball caps whistled and shouted as they moved between hanging carcasses…" "…the crack of the humane killer echoed round the glass roof.". These quotations give very negative connotations to the abattoir as the reader now begins to associate it with the death and killing happening in Northern Ireland. This setting has helped the author to shape the readers reaction towards the killing of animals and humans. The reader now sees the killings as callous, despite the so-called "humane killer" and shares Cal's attitude towards the abattoir.

Another idea that is raised through the setting of the abattoir is the dehumanisation of people at war, as the reader witnesses the way in which the workers go about their work, not noticing the pain, suffering and death that surrounds them, for instance in the text when Crilly, Cal's acquaintance who also works in the abattoir, sees Cal and stops work to sharpen his knives. The author has chosen to include this detail in the scene to show how blind humans can be to their own wrong doings and to also introduce the reader to the character of Crilly. The reader is now confronted with this man whom so casually sharpens his knives which he will no doubt later use to carve up a carcass, and negative connotations are given to Crilly as he becomes just another person caught up in the war, immune to the blood and the smell of the killing, because it had been a part of his life for so long. This makes the reader respond very negatively to the war between the IRA and the Protestants in Ireland, and how it can strip people of love and warmth, basically dehumanising them and the reader loses respect for that character. The idea of fear is well explored through this setting of the abattoir, through Cal's fear of death and killing, the reader can relate to Cal and feels pity for him because he has to live in a world where such things are more common place. Negative feelings from the reader are formed towards the abattoir and its sinister, and brutal purpose.

College papers on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty

The library where one of the main characters, Marcella Morton works is an extremely important setting in influence the readers response to the ideas of love and innocence. The fragile love that Cal has for Marcella is born in the library and the development of their relationship is mirrored through happenings in the library. The reader, from experience, relates the library to silence and reading, obtaining information and borrowing books. Through these associations the reader sees Cal's love for Marcella slowly growing as he goes into the library to observe her going about her work, to obtain information about her personality, her thinking and to admire her appearance. Also the fact that the library is such a quiet place where there is little speaking, the reader gets the feeling that Cal's love is very secret and forbidden, like a schoolyard crush. The reader responds to this idea of love with warmth, and also slight curiosity as it is made obvious that there is some significance about Marcella, "He studied her face, trying to read into it whether or not she was the Marcella". This quotation alerts the reader to the fact that there is something unique about this Marcella character and that somewhere in Cal's past he has encountered her.

Throughout the beginning of the novel Cal returns to the library a few times, almost as if he is stalking Marcella, his crush on her becoming more intense on each visit as she plagues his mind. It is important that the reader sees this loving, innocent and childish side of Cal, because later in the book, when we learn of his involvement in the killing of Marcella's husband Robert Morton, instead of feeling disgust and anger the reader feels sympathy for Cal, because we know he is not really a cold blooded killer. Instead we see Cal as the victim, we have seen him in love with a woman, childishly in love, carrying her shopping bags, taking up work on her property, just so he can be near her, and through this we see Cal's true innocence. The reader knows that he is not a killer, rather a victim of the pressures of IRA, and the inescapability of its sinister power over people. In one of Cal's later visits to the library he is contemplating taking out a book and searches for something that would not seem too easy and even the slightest bit intellectual to impress Marcella, and so the crush continues. The library has become a foundation for Cal's love for Marcella and the reader understands the importance of this love to Cal as it the one thing that has drawn him out of his misery, to actually think about someone other than himself for a change. Towards the end of the novel, Cal, and the reader learns of a plot to blow up the library, this not only signifies the impending doom of Cal and Marcella's relationship, as it has blossomed from the library which is now to be destroyed by the people Cal hate but is never the less is involved with, but also Cal's innocence, he is sick of the killing and the threatening and tells Crilly that he is not interested in being a part of the IRA any more. The idea of innocence, and how just because you do something wrong does not mean you should be branded an evil person for life, is highlighted through the setting of the library as it helps the reader to witness Cal's more endearing traits and the reader becomes very fond, if not sympathetic of this character, despite wrong doings.

Cal's home, where he lives with his father, his mother and brother having passed away years before is an important setting is raising the ideas of religious hatred, the decaying of family relationships and fear, as these are all issues Cal and his father Shamie have to deal with in day to day life in their home. The author has chosen to make Cal and Shamie live as the only Catholic residents on a Protestant estate to highlight their differences the environment they live in, almost like aliens. Because of the ongoing religious battle between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, the reader knows that tis is a particularly precarious situation that they are in and the danger they face is displayed quite early in the novel when they receive a threat in the form of a small note reading GET OUT YOU FENYAN SCUM OR WE'LL BURN YOU OUT. THIS IS YOUR SECOND WARNING, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER. UVF. This highly threatening note shocks the reader, as a home is supposed to be a sanctuary, not a death bed, and the fear that something might happen soon the pair is evoked. If Cal and his father had been living in a safe estate with other Catholics, there would not be any anxiety from the reader and no immediate sympathy. This setting forces the reader to see the danger in which Cal and Shamie are living and the reader responds very negatively towards the idea of religious hate and the fact that it can turn civilised humans into irrational killers. The fact that this threat is actually carried out and the house is burnt is leaves the reader utterly bewildered that some people would want to remove such innocent and harmless people from their home. The burning down of the McCluskey's house marks the beginning of the end for Cal and his father. Their last pillar of strength, the family home has been destroyed, and this symbolises the destruction of their hope and especially Shamie's will to live as his mental condition deteriorates and he slides into severe depression.

The reader is left feeling total sympathy for Cal and Shamie, they are seen as victims of the immoral violence and vindictiveness of the Protestant fanatics. This leads to the idea of fear, the fear that Shamie especially feels in his own home as he states in the text, "Isn't it a terrible thing…that those bastards have us whispering in our own house." After the pair receives the threat that they are to be burned out they start some kind of practiced routine that it seems that they have been through many times before, suggesting they live in constant fear and danger of an attack. The reader finds this very hard to relate to as the closest we come to this routine is locking out doors at night. Shamie and Cal however, are making sure they have a gun at the ready, Cal checks he has a weapon under his bed and that his shoes are ready to be put on should he have to leave in a hurry. They also have a blanket and supply of water in the bath should they have to put out any fires during the night. The reader responds to this idea with total disbelief that these poor people should have to whisper in their own home and be prepared to be attacked in the middle of the night. This kind of fear is unimaginable for the reader and in turn the reader feels extreme sympathy for Cal and his father, as they are imprisoned in their own home.

Cal's house also helps to discuss the idea of the decaying of family relationships. As a result of the burning down of the McCluskey's house, and years of depression and not communicating with each other the relationship between Shamie and Cal is destroyed. The first evidence of this is when Cal returns to find his home burning and when he sees his father sitting pathetically on a chair with a rug wrapped around him, instead of hugging and crying with relief that they have found themselves both alive after the attack they merely shake hands like stranger, the reader even learns that Cal was frightened that Shamie would try and kiss him in front of everyone. It shocks the reader that Cal would have such a stupid and rather cruel thought on his mind instead of a feeling of love towards his father and relief that he didn't perish with the house. The burning down of the house signifies the end of any chance that Cal and his father had to mend their relationship. Their understanding of each other and any will to save their relationship was burnt in the fire and so Cal uses this time to break away from his father and to try and find his own way of tackling his life and his guilt.

The Catholic Church that Cal attends during the novel is also a very important setting as it poses as a "safe house" where Cal can retreat to and feel at peace, as it states in the text, "He liked this time. It was a time of comfort, of hearing but not listening. The noise of the words kept him from thinking his own black thoughts and yet the words themselves were not interesting enough to make him think of them. He was in a kind if warm limbo." Quotations such as these lead the reader to believe that Cal found not only physical safety in the church, but also a sense of emotional safety from his own depressing thoughts and fears. The words "warm limbo" remind the reader almost of a mother's womb, a sanctuary where the baby is kept warm and safe, not having to think about any thing, to fear anything. The church opens the reader's minds to the idea that even in Cal's terrible life of constant fear and depression he can still find a place where he can drift away into safety and comfort, however, the reader begins to feel anger towards religion, because in fact it is the Catholic AND the Protestant religions that have caused Cal his problems, he is supposedly fighting in the name of this almighty religion, when it actually is the cause of the suffering of many Irish people. The reader becomes very confused as to why Cal can find sanctuary in a place that condones and even promotes the thoughtless killing of innocent people and the intense hatred among so called good Christians. The Church has turned not only Catholic against Protestant, but also Catholic against Catholic and Protestant against Protestant. During the novel Cal remembers his mother and her devotion to the church, " She went to mass and communion every morning and each night she made them say the family rosary before the table was cleared." This shows to the reader the extent that people went for their religion and somewhat explains the fanaticism is witnessed throughout the novel. A love for ones God however does not mean that one can kill in their name.

The derelict cottage on the Morton property, that Cal finds himself living in during the novel, helps in persuading the reader to respond to the ideas of depression and guilt with sympathy towards Cal as he goes through many ups and downs, and lives in general limbo for about 6 weeks. It is here in this small broken down cottage that Cal attempts to rebuild his life and become part of Marcella's. The simpleness of the life Cal leads while living in this cottage lulls him into a sense of false security, in this self-imposed prison he tries to undo all the pain he has caused Marcella and her family. The author has tried to introduce the idea of depression and guilt through this cottage, as Cal is living on the Morton's farm he is forced to face Marcella every day and the reality that he will never be able to have a life with her. Cal tries to face his guilt over Robert Morton's death by spending time with Marcella and her daughter Lucy, he starts to imagine himself as a husband for Marcella and a father for Lucy and lives in this fantasy world knowing all along that in the end the truth will have to come out and the past is something that can never be erased. This underlying truth that Cal must face makes the reader feel such sympathy for him, throughout the novel the reader has seen Cal punishing himself wether it be through swearing at himself, "merde, Crotte de Vache" or the love bites he gives himself late in his bed. This constant self flagellation is a forewarning to the reader that Cal is never going to be able to be at peace no matter how much he is punishes himself, because deep inside he feels only someone else will be able to punish him sufficiently enough for his crime. While Cal's time in the Cottage runs into weeks, and it seems that he is quite at peace with himself, the reader knows that Cal is digging a hole for himself, getting attached to someone he can never have, and a life he will never lead. The reader sees the depression that Cal sinks into, he has tried to escape his past, but the explosion made by the cow stepping on a mine is the timely reminder that this fantasy life, even in this idyllic location, a beautiful old farm, is not real and he must face the reality that there is still killing going on, and that he still has a father who is very ill, and all his worries about pressure from Crilly and Skeffington to stick with The Cause are still lurking in the back of his mind. This sets Cal back into his depression and his longing for someone to make him face his crime and set him free of his guilt returns. The reader responds to this guilt and depression that Cal feels with such sympathy because the reader, unlike Marcella, knows of Cal's true innocence, that he not a killer as she will probably think him when she find out his deed. The reader finds it hard to deal with the fact that Cal has to live with so much pain inside him, scarred form the past and unable to ever lead a peaceful and truly happy life.

This novel Cal by Bernard Maclaverty opens the readers' minds to the many depressing issues that surround the fighting and hatred between the Catholics and Protestants living in Northern Ireland. However more importantly Maclaverty has discussed the ideas of love, compassion, the dehumanisation of people at war, religious hate and finding ones own sanctuary from life's miseries. He has done this through many techniques but has used different settings throughout the novel especially well to communicate these ideas and to encourage different responses form the reader. After reading Cal, the reader is left feeling disillusioned, sad, and sympathetic towards the protagonist Cal. Living in such a peaceful and tolerant society like Australia it is hard to imagine the hardships and injustices that happens every day to normal people fighting for the simple religious rights that most others around the world enjoy and expect. Please note that this sample paper on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from writing help service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!