Whats wrong with thewinetourco.com.au

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Introduction

With each person that has the internet, their main concerns are there bandwidth and time use. These two things are what restrict people from viewing many pages on the internet. The web page thewinetourco.com.au is a web page that looks at the main ideas of purchasing a tour to Margaret River vine yards for some wine tasting or a romantic weekend. There are many concerns that surround this web page. This report will focus on each link that the page has and the disadvantages that it has. The pages that most focus will be on will be the splash screen, homepage, and the main links. With each page assessed the report will focus on the main points such as file size, data, colour, and in conclusion the target audience and the business goal has it been achieved.

Splash Page

The Splash page of this web page was a bad idea. The one most single thing that people on the web do not want to be welcomed with is a splash page or a welcome page. The users when using the internet want to be able access a page without any dramas or hassles. Issues and disadvantages of using a Splash page are listed below

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Problems Explanation

Pictures Large file size, long time loading(56K)

Text Text is very plain and hard to read, text is too small

Welcome Page Should have no splash page

Site Entrance button Very small and very hard to find(is hidden).

(like trying to find Wally in Where's Wally books)

Background The background is plain(white), needs some colour

As you can see the Splash page was a bad idea and is of no use to internet users, as all it does is consumes time with loading and bandwidth. The purpose of this page is to say welcome to users, but it can be done on the home page. The Splash page is of no importance and should be closed.

Home page

The homepage of thewinetourco.com.au is a vital page as it is the central point to which users can view other page and it is also the first page users see. This page should be very inviting and peaceful, which this page was not that successful at doing. The homepage has many problems with it, which should be addressed. Such problems are

Problem Explanation

Background Very dark and not inviting at all

Link text Small and hard to read(small and italics)

Pictures Picture format is in GIF format, may take long time to load depending on connection speed

User friendliness Not helpful in anyway, to congested.

Link buttons Hard to see, same pictures as background

As you can see the homepage is one of the most vital pages and must be the most user friendly. Thewinetourco.com.au has great difficulty in presenting an interesting page as its colour of choice is black. The homepage is a well set out page but hard to follow and allow the user ownership of a page. The homepage should be the most interesting page as it's the page people start to view and decide whether or not to continue.

Chart Your Coarse (1st link)

The first link is a page that shows the user the choices that they have for selecting the areas they would like to visit. The page has buttons that allow the user to bring up maps that take along time to load, if you have a slow connection. The main issues that regard this page are

Problems Explanation

Map picture The map pictures are not that helpful is charting any coarse, they show the surrounding area but not the area itself.

Background The background is again black and not that inviting

Links Links are relevant but the text is imposable to read

Text The information is relevant but it is too forcing (COME!)

Event guide This piece of information needs updating

As you can see the data that is labeled on this page is relevant but to demanding and also hard to read. The overall look at this link is that the total file size for viewing pictures and images are too large and demanding of bandwidth. The page needs serious adjustment to allow more users to view this page.

Let The Voyage Begin (nd link)

This is the one page that doesn't have much wrong with it. The page is easy to access but it still has some flaws. Such disadvantages as

Problem Explanation

Links Some links are of no importance and there are too many links

Software reliance You need Acrobat Reader to view the documentation for the page

Information The tours don't include prices, has time but no prices

Map link Link is irrelevant and the file size is too large

As you can see the main problem that surrounds this page is the number of links in the page. The main ideas of the page where achieved, but there is some room for improvement.

Rolling The Miles In Classic Style (rd link)

This link introduces you to the drivers of the company that holds the tours. The link has relevance and is a good idea. There are some issues regarding this page

Problem Explanation

Background The background is black once again

Links There are far too many links on this page.

As noticed there was not many things wrong with this link, as it allowed anyone to read a little about the possible driver that could be taking them on there tour to the vine yards.

Virtual Voyage (4th link)

This page is most probably the worst page of the whole web site. This page requires a really good internet connection such as broadband, ADSL or something similar. The link has many movies that require all your bandwidth to load and run. Such issues with this are

Problem Explanation

Background Simple black colour, not that interesting

Movies Need a quick internet connection to view the movies

Links Are relevant but annoying

Text Too small and hard to read

Movie info No description on what the movies about

Software dependence Must have Quicktime player to view the movies

This page is the worst page of the whole web site. The restricted use of people that can view this link keeps the numbers low as not everybody has a quick internet connection. This link is not the user friendly nor is it computer bandwidth friendly. This page should be made available to every person who views the links/movies.

Book Your Passage (5th link)

This link is straight forward and has no room for error. The link allows users online to book a trip to Margaret River vine yards and also they can book whether or not they want the special drivers to pick them up and drive them around. So issues that are on this page are

Problem Explanation

Text Small, dull and hard to read

Background Dull and not inviting (black)

As you can see there isn't much wrong with this link, it is straight forward and easy to follow. The page has nothing to complicated about it.

Conclusion

In conclusion the overall look at this page is that the page was no that user friendly and it was hard to understand. The site has a few prerequisites to be able to view this page at its full potential. Such things that are needed to view this page at full is a very fast internet connection such as T1, ADSL or Broadband, Quicktime player and Acrobat reader. This page may restrict the people that view this page as it has so many requirements to be able to view it. The site had many confusing things about it such as the links were hard to read, the movies had no description with them so it was hard to understand what the movies were about. The overall text on the total web page was hard to read as it was white on a black background, that was no the only the bad thing about the text it was the fact the text was so small it was hard to read. The site also had another problem with it; it needed to be updated dramatically. To prove that the site was no a very interesting site and was not viewed all that much, the site incorporated a site meter with it which allowed the owners to view how many times the site had been in the last week. The week ending Sunday rd August to Saturday th August the site meter only registered that only an average of 4 people visit the site a day and view one page each(the splash screen!). In conclusion this page has many problems with it that need to be readjusted or changed.Please note that this sample paper on whats wrong with thewinetourco.com.au is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on whats wrong with thewinetourco.com.au, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on whats wrong with thewinetourco.com.au will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Looking for alibrandi"-changes in relationship with josie towards the end of the HSC year

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ENGLISH ESSAY�discuss the changes taken place throughout Josie's relationships with people by the end of her HSC year

The changes taken place throughout Josie's relationships with people by the end of her HSC year has changed dramatically. Her relationship with her Nonna, Michael Andretti and her social school relationships with the girls from St Martha's slowly changes as she starts to mature and realise that she needs to open up her heart and accept who she really is, and to understand other people instead of blocking people that are different to her off her world, which stops her from realizing that she is already widely accepted by the rich snobs in St. Martha.

At the end of her HSC year, her relationship with Michael Andretti changes Josie's and everyone's view of her illegitimacy. In the beginning of the book, she is furious at him for how he wrecked Christina's and Josie's life, dreams and socializing. Christina was kicked out of the house when she was pregnant and her dreams of being an artist was flushed down the drain when she was pregnant with Josie. For Josie, she had been teased by and talked about her illegitimacy when Michael wasn't in Sydney.

"For him to actually exist was mind boggling. Sometimes I think his a myth.?Chapter1 pg15. "I don't care about him I wouldn't care if he was sitting in this room with us now. I'd look straight through him. We don't need him.?Chapter1 pg16.

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Although Josie feels this way in the beginning, she ends up meeting Michael Andretti and her hatred towards him changes to nervous and excited at the fact she is meeting him. "I felt sick at the idea of meeting him, though at the same time I desperately wanted to.?Chapter pg 18. "He's a barrister and although I didn't want to, I like him a lot. He's honest and not a hypocrite and I sometimes want to hate him for what he did to my mother eighteen years ago. I mean you could change heaps couldn't you??Chapter16 pg 15.Fortunately towards the end of the novel, Josie and Michael's relationship become closer and closer. They go out for dinner, go on a holiday to Melbourne and ends up staying at his house in Balmain, every so often. "I'm still shocked by how fast things are going between us?I never really thought I would respect my father.?Chapter17 pg 156. Michael also starts to build up his love and affection for his one and only daughter. "Because if I pretend you didn't exist you won't go away. So I'd like to get to know you better.?Chapter1 pg 15.

Josie's relationships with people in St Martha's were her most concern and that were because of their class differences. Josie also wanted to be respectable which makes her acceptable by the rich snobs. "My biggest problem, though, is being stuck at a school dominated by rich people. Rich parents, rich grandparents. Mostly Anglo-Saxon Australians. Who I can't see having a problem in the world…………however they were smart, they moved out of the inner west and inner city and became 'respectable? Being respectable has made them acceptable.? Chapter1 pg 6.

"A world where I can be accepted. Please God, let me be accepted by someone other than the underdog.?Chapter pg .

"I felt disadvantaged from the beginning?chapter 1 pg 7.

"We grew up in the midst of the snobs of St Martha's and discovered that somehow brains didn't count that much. Money and prestige and what your father did for a living counted. If your hair wasn't in a bob or if your mother didn't drive a Volvo you were a nobody. That's where the problem lies between myself and our school captain, Ivy Lloyd.?Chapter pg 1.

Although Josie feels very competitive and ambitious and desperately wanting to be accepted by others at St Martha's in the beginning of the novel she slowly loosen up with her competitiveness and ambition. "I became a bit less ambitious this year.? Chapter pg 60.However with her desperate act of acceptance is dropped when she finds out that she was firstly school captain but Sister Louise gave that position to Ivy because she thought Ivy had the right attitude. This showed that she was accepted and respected by all the St. Martha girls. "I realized that she wasn't Poison Ivy anymore. She was just Ivy.?"I wanted to say so much to her and that surprised me. Because in the past I had to make up things to say to.? Chapter pg 41. Slowly step-by-step Josie starts to accept others for who they are and not what their family background is, rich or poor. This becomes the same with the girls in St Martha's.

Josephine's family relationships with Nonna have emotionally changed as Josie finds out what happened in Nonna's life in Australia and that she is very similar to Josephine.

"I had never thought her capable of dreaming like me.?Pg

At first, Josie becomes angry at what happened between Nonna and Marcus Sandford.

"Our whole lives just like our names are lies.?Chapter5 Pg 1. However, after she thinks about the incident she realizes that it was not her Nonna's fault but her Nonno's fault for treating her so bad, that she fell for another man who actually showed his love for her. "Your grandfather Francesco treated me like one of his farm animals.? Pg . "He promised me he would bring her up as his if I didn't embarrass him any more, so I stayed to protect my baby.?Chapter6 Pg 5.

Josie feels grateful towards her Nonna for risking and breaking rules to have her daughter, Christina. "She hadn't stuck to rules and regulations. Hadn't worried about what other people thought every second of her life. She had taken chances. Broken rules. If she hadn't Mama wouldn't have been born and I wouldn't have been born.?Chapter 6 Pg 6.

Due to all of this Nonna and Josie build a relationship stronger and stronger every second of their lives, and Josie now understood and saw that Nonna had great love for her daughter. "When she got pregnant my heart broke. Not for Francesco or me. For her. I wanted to take her into my arms and hold her. If I could carry her on my back for nine months I would have. But he looked at me wit so much hate and I knew if I tried to help her he would ruin her life. So I said "Yes, Francesco. Anything you say, Francesco.?Chapter6 Pg 5.

Josephine finds out in the end that she is a very lucky girl, who has a Nonna that loved her baby but wasn't allowed to touch her or else her baby's life would be ruined. This showed great love and caring towards her baby, but since she was kept apart from her, Josephine understands the pain Nonna went through. As for her mother, Christina, had stuck up to her horrible father and was willing to get kicked out and sacrifice herself for her baby, Josephine. "I was loved by two of the most strongest women I would ever meet in my lifetime.?Chapter6 Pg 6.

Josie's relationships with people making fun about her cultural identity-Italian also were a major part of Josie's life. She heard racist comments about her cultural identity, "wogs?throughout her life but in Chapter 8, Carly Bishop made a racist remark about her race-Italian. "The night clubs was the pits…they were all wogs they seemed to be everywhere, she snickered.?Pg 81. Josephine had rituals to follow in her culture, including- that she has to go to her Nonna's place straight after school, hang around the same race, "how come other Italian girls have Italian boyfriends, why can't you be like them??Nonna.

Being respectful and having good manners even while you are arguing is considered in her rituals. "I hate the word 'respect?I think I'll go sick if I hear it again.?Chapter.

Although Josie feels this way about her culture and finds Tomato day embarrassing, she finally realizes it is in her and she can't change it by getting all fussy over it. "I resent it most of the time, curse it always, but it'll be part of me till the day that I die.?Chapter 16 pg 15. This day when she realizes that her cultural identity is something that will be part of her forever, she comes to her senses that becoming use to the rituals will make her life easier. "If someone asks me what nationality I am, I'll look at them and say that I'm Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. I'll say that with pride, because it's pride I feel.?Chapter pg 5.

In conclusion the changes that have taken place in Josie's relationships with people by the end of the HSC year, has changed from a self-centered, competitive, ambitious and pride less in her own culture and an illegitimate to a less ambitious, less competitive, pride in culture, more open-minded and hearted and more acceptable to others by the end of the novel. They were not sudden changes that occurred in the blue but happened over a period of time. From this novel you can feel that love and care can change some self-centered brat into a perfect role model.Please note that this sample paper on "looking for alibrandi"-changes in relationship with josie towards the end of the HSC year is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "looking for alibrandi"-changes in relationship with josie towards the end of the HSC year, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on "looking for alibrandi"-changes in relationship with josie towards the end of the HSC year will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Christina Aguilera song analysis - im ok

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Christina Aguilera

I'm ok

Title I'm ok

Artist Christina Aguilera

Essay help on Christina Aguilera song analysis - im ok

Year 00

Album Stripped

Melody vocal, guitar

Harmony strings, vocal

Rhythm guitar

Instrumentation guitar, strings

Style pop

Form

Melody-

The melody in this song is pretty basic and repetitive. The melody in the versus

is fairly simple whereas the melody in the bridge and chorus are a little more

complicated. the melody in the last chorus is a tiny bit different because it is

sung differently in parts.

Harmony-

There aren't that many harmonies in this song but the ones that are there are

done mainly by the stings and by echo of Christina's voice.

Rhythm-

The rhythm is really basic and pretty slow, it doesn't vary much except for in

the bridge and chorus where it gets slightly quicker and more pronounced.

Form/structure-

At the start of the song the introduction is considerably soft, the chorus is

then a fraction louder as the instruments are played louder and more are

included. After the chorus, which is the loudest at that point, the song goes

back into the same pattern of gradually getting louder. The bridge is then

louder that the chorus because all instruments are being played but not to the

full capacity. The chorus that follows the bridge is the loudest part of the

song. The outroduction then fades out. This is fairly soft.

In the introduction there is eerie music playing softly and there is also people

talking softly in the background. The music travels from left to right giving an

insecure feeling which is what this song is trying to portray.

What is the song about?

This song is about Christina's childhood. Her father physically abused her and

her mother. She tells us a story of a girl getting abused and then changed her perspective in the chorus and tells it from her point of view. She comments on the abuse just being a memory to her father but it still affects her now. The lyrics in this song pretty much explain themselves.

Im Ok

Once upon a time there was a girl

In her early years she had to learn

How to grow up living in a war that she called home

Never know just where to turn for shelter from the storm

Hurt me to see the pain across my mothers face

Everytime my fathers fist would put her in her place

Hearing all the yelling I would cry up in my room

Hoping it would be over soon

Bruises fade father, but the pain remains the same

And I still remember how you kept me so afraid

Strength is my mother for all the love she gave

Every morning that I wake I look back to yesterday

And Im OK I often wonder why I carry all this guilt

When its you that helped me put up all these walls Ive built

Shadows stir at night through a crack in the door

The echo of a broken child screaming please no more

Daddy, dont you understand the damage you have done

To you its just a memory, but for me it still lives on

Bruises fade father, but the pain remains the same

And I still remember how you kept me so, so afraid

Strength is my mother for all the love she gave

Every morning that I wake I look back to yesterday

Its not so easy to forget

All the lines you left along her neck

When I was thrown against cold stairs

And every day Im afraid to come home

In fear of what I might see there

Bruises fade father but the pain remains the same

And I still remember how you kept me so afraid

Strength is my mother for all the love she gave

Every morning that I wake I look back to yesterday

And Im OK

Im OK

Biography

Christina Aguilera was born on Staten Island, New York and her family later settled in Pittsburgh. By the time she was five, Christina knew all the songs from The Sound of Music and performed them at neighborhood block parties. Christina Aguilera was soon performing the National Anthem at professional sporting events in the area.

When Christina Aguilera was 10, she went to an open audition for The Mickey Mouse Club. She didnt make it, but two years later Disney invited her back. She got a part and became a Mouseketeer working with now-famous co-stars like Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez of and Keri Russell from Felicity. Christina Aguilera was in the Mickey mouse club for two years

During her Mouseketeer days, Christina Aguilera caught the eye of manager Steve Kurtz, who requested a demo tape to send to RCA exec, Ron Fair. Amazed by her voice and beauty he offered her a record deal when she was 15. Around the same time he received a call from a friend who worked at Disney who was looking for someone to sing Reflection, the lead song in the animated Mulan flick. His first thought was his new singer Christina Aguilera. She got the role and the song was eventually nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song in a Motion Picture.

Her musical influences are

Etta James, Billie Holiday and Barbara Streisand.

Christina Aguilera won a Grammy for Best New Artist.

Jewel

Pieces of you

Title pieces of you

Artist Jewel

Year 14

Album Pieces of you

Melody guitar, piano

Harmony guitar

Rhythm guitar

Style pop

Instrumentation guitar, piano

Form

Melody-

The melody in this song is extremely repetitive, you notice this more because there are four versus and they don't differ at all. The guitar and the piano make up most of the melody in this song. All of the chorus melodies are the same as well.

Harmony-

There is very little harmonizing in this song but when there is it is done by the guitar. There are no backing vocals at all, it's just Jewel. I think this is because most of this album was recorded live.

Form/structure

The introduction is just guitar and it fades in. this is moderately soft. Then there is a verse which has just guitar and vocal, this is a fraction louder then the introduction. The chorus' are the same loudness as the versus. The outroduction fades out, that involves just guitar. The instrumental breaks in the song consist mainly of guitar.

Instrumental-

The instruments used in this song are guitar and piano, the music doesn't drown out the lyrics at all but there isn't much variation In the whole song instrumentally .

What is the song about?

This song is about people judging other people because their different but it is also saying that we judge these people so harshly because we feel we might be the same in some way.

Pieces of you

Shes an ugly girl, does it make you want to kill her?

Shes an ugly girl, do you want to kick in her face?

Shes an ugly girl, she doesnt pose a threat.

Shes an ugly girl, does that make you feel safe?

Ugly girl, ugly girl, do you hate her

Cause shes pieces of you?

Shes a pretty girl, does she make you think nasty thoughts?

Shes a pretty girl, do you want to tie her down?

Shes a pretty girl, do you call her a bitch?

Shes a pretty girl, did she sleep with your whole town?

Pretty girl, pretty girl, do you hate her

Cause shes pieces of you?

You say hes a faggot, does it make you want to hurt him?

You say hes a faggot, do you want to kick in his brains?

You say hes a faggot, does he make you sick to your stomach?

You say hes a faggot, are you afraid youre just the same?

Faggot, Faggot, do you hate him

Cause hes pieces of you?

You say hes a Jew, does it mean that hes tight?

You say hes a Jew, do you want to hurt his kids tonight?

You say hes a Jew, hell never wear that funny hat again.

You say hes a Jew as though being born were a sin.

Oh Jew, oh Jew, do you hate him

Cause hes pieces of you

Biography

Jewel Kilcher, born on May , 174 grew up in Alaska. Both of Jewels parents were in the music business and she toured with them. She had her own yodeling act by the time she was 6. Later on her parents broke up and Jewel stayed with her father. She continued to tour with her father for seven years.

Jewel attended Michigans Interlochen Fine Arts Academy. She was there on a vocal scholarship for two years. While attending the academy, Jewel began to play guitar. She began writing her own music. After recieving her diploma and graduating, Jewel headed to San Diego and lived with her mother. She had a job there, and was fired from a few.

Jewel decided that she would live in her van. In her van she had her own private space with no disturbances. She would write poetry and songs in the van. It was a very quiet place and somewhere she could really concentrate on her music.

At a local venue, Jewel started performing on a regular basis. Starting off with smaller crowds and leading up to a record signing with Atlantic Records She recorded her first album, Pieces of You at age 1. It started off fairly slow, but Jewel did not give up. She promoted her album by touring relentlessly and her effort has paid off. Her album going platinum was the highlight of Jewels career.

In 18 Jewel released her second album Spirit. The albums success was just as big as her first.Please note that this sample paper on Christina Aguilera song analysis - im ok is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Christina Aguilera song analysis - im ok, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Christina Aguilera song analysis - im ok will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Atherosclerosis

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Atherosclerosis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Atherosclerosis paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Atherosclerosis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Atherosclerosis paper at affordable prices with writing help service!

A Review and discussion of the evidence for a genetic link to Atherosclerosis

Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a disease more commonly referred to as a Hardening of the arteries (1), and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world (). It is believed to be a multifactorial process, which can in some cases start in utero (). Patients with atherosclerosis represent a heterogenous group of individuals, with diseases that progress at significantly different rates and in distinctly different patterns (5). It is described by the deposition of fatty material (atherosclerotic plaques) in, not on, arterial vessel walls - due to an excess in-flow of cholesterol. This can lead to occlusion of the artery - in most cases this occurs due to a sudden rupturing of the plaque that triggers the emergence of a blood clot/thrombus that blocks blood flow (as oppose to direct occlusion by the plaque) leading to complications such as strokes or heart attacks (1/4).

There are many risk factors for this disease diet and lifestyle (environment) works synergistically with genetic factors predisposing to or protecting from the disease. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

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This essay will review some of these genetic factors (both predisposing and protecting) and discuss their contribution to the risk of developing Atherosclerosis.

Predisposing factors

There have been many predisposing factors discovered using clues from the pathology of the disease including genes/proteins associated with blood lipids, endothelial cell changes (lipid deposition), macrophage responses, inflammation, oxidative damage, vascular repair control, thrombosis and diabetes/obesity (1).

Blood lipids One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia (quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins), (). Atherogenic dyslipidemia has been genetically linked, is characterized by increased plasma triacylglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, low HDL concentrations and the development of small dense LDL particles (8), and predisposes for atherosclerosis. HDL in particular is very important in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which is the major protective system against atherosclerosis (7), (clears excess cholesterol from arterial cell walls (6)). It has been found that a cellular ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) called ABCA1 mediates the first step of RCT. Mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease (TD), a severe HDL deficiency syndrome characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in tissue macrophages and prevalent atherosclerosis. Studies of TD heterozygotes revealed that ABCA1 activity is a major determinant of plasma HDL levels and therefore predisposes for coronary vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis (6). Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the development of small, dense LDL (LDL subclass phenotype B) can also be genetically influenced (15/16). Other factors genetically linked to the changes in blood lipids include liver x receptors (LXRs). LXRs (LXRalpha and LXRbeta) are nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by certain oxysterol derivatives of cholesterol. Millatt et al reported that LXRs play an important role in the response to excess cholesterol and by using an LXR agonist (Ghr65) they were able to demonstrate a dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effect in mice (11). This can be taken as evidence of a genetic link of LXR genes to atherosclerosis.

Endothelial cell changes endothelial dysfunction is characterised by reduced bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO). Channon et al reported an important role for both the NAD(P)H oxidases and endothelial NOS in the increased vascular superoxide production associated with endothelial dysfunction predisposing human vascular disease states (10).

Macrophage responses During the process of atherosclerosis, the homeostatic mechanisms (which are genetically controlled) of a macrophage fail and uncontrolled cholesterol deposition is promoted by the scavenger functions of the macrophages (1).

Diabetes/Obesity People with diabetes tend to be predisposed to atherosclerosis due to their accelerated synthesis of LDLs ().

Protective factors

There have been a lot less factors (genetically linked) identified that protect against the development of atherosclerosis. It is known however that pre-menopausal women are to a degree protected from developing the disease. Walters et al reports that oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, together with other modifiable risk factors and that the absolute risk of coronary disease is greater for men than for pre-menopausal women (1). This suggests that oestrogen somehow protects women from atherosclerosis.

Most risk factors for atherosclerosis are associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation due to reduced NO production. Folate/folic acid not only reduces plasma homocysteine levels but also enhances eNO synthesis and shows anti-inflammatory actions thereby also providing protection against the development of atherosclerosis (14). The LPL S447X cSNP has been reported to be associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all atherosclerosis risk factors) (17). Clee et al reported a reduced risk of coronary artery disease suggesting that this polymorphism is protective against atherosclerosis. Observations that apoE deficient mice develop spontaneous atherosclerosis, whereas transgenic mice expressing a defective apoE from the liver do not, suggesting that macrophage apoE secretion may indeed play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility ().

Conclusion

Atherosclerosis is a multi factorial process that can start in utero, it progresses over decades and leads to cardiovascular complications such as heart attacks and strokes. This disease accounts for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality in the western world and is affected by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors (predisposing to or protecting from) can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

For example, mutations in the ABCA1 gene lower HDL levels thereby predisposing the subject to atherosclerosis. Knowing how this mutation affects the development of atherosclerosis allows for possible gene/protein therapy methods to be investigated. It is also known that macrophage apoE secretion may play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility, therefore methods can now be investigated as to possibly inducing apo E synthesis/secretion to help protect patients with a high risk of developing the disease.

References

1. University of Otago Genetics 1 Laboratory manual for 00.

. CRISP - project title Bone marrow transplantation and atherosclerosis

URL crisp.cit.nih.gov/

. Szitanyi, P; Janda, J; Polende, R; Intrauterine undernutrition and programming as a new risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Physiol. Res. 5 8 - 5, 00

4. Libby, P; Atherosclerosis a new view Scientific American pp. - 7 may 00

5. The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular clinical research centre

URL www-med.stanford.edu/reynolds/summary.htm

6. Oram, JF; Lawn, RM; ABCA1 The gatekeeper for eliminating excess cholesterol. Lipid Res. 001 Aug; 4(8) 117 -

7. Zhang, Z; Yamashita, S; Hirano, K; Nakagawa-Toyama, Y; Matsuyama, A; Nishida, M; Sakai, N; Fukasawa, M; Arai, H; Miyagawa, J; Matsuzawa, Y; Expression of cholesterol ester transfer protein in human atherosclerotic lesions and its implications in reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 001 Nov; 15(1 ) 67 - 75

8. Berthier, MT; Houde, A; Bergenon, J; Prudacte;homme, D; Despres, JP; Vohl, MC; Effect of the factor V11 R5Q missense mutation on plasma apolipoprotein B levels impact of visceral obesity. J. Hum Genet. 00 Jul; 48(7) 67 - 7

. Cottrell, DA; Marshall, BJ; Falko, JM; Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Curr. opin Cardiol. 00 Jul; 18(4) 01-8

10. Channon, KM; Guzik, TJ; Mechanisms of superoxide production in human blood vessels relationship to endothelial dysfunction, clinical and genetic risk factors. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 00 Dec; 5(4 pt 1) 515 - 4

11. Millatt, LJ; Bocher, V; Fruchart, JC; Staels, B; Liver x receptors and the control of cholesterol homeostasis potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 00 Mar 17; 161() 107 - 18

1. Rainio, S; Ikomen, E; Macrophage cholesterol transport a critical player in foam cell formation. Ann. Med 00; 5() 146 - 55

1. Walters, J; Skene, D; Hampton, SM; Ferns, GA; Biological rhythms, endothelial health and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 00 Jan; (1) RA 1 - 8

14. Das, UN; Folic acid says NO to vascular diseases. Nutrition 00 Jul - Aug;

1(7 - 8) 686 -

15. Austin, MA; Genetic epidemiology of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 16 Oct; 8(5) 45 - 6

16. Superko, HR; Did grandma give you heart disease? The new battle against coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 18 Nov 5; 8(A) 4Q - 46Q

17. Clee, SM; Loubser, O; Collins, J; Kastelein, JJP; Hayden, MR; The LPL S447X cSNP is associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides, and reduced risk of coronary arter ease. Clinical genetics 001 Oct; 60(4)Please note that this sample paper on Atherosclerosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Atherosclerosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Atherosclerosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Napoleon Bonarparte

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Napoleon Bonaparte rise and claim to power was as multifaceted as was his effect on the people of Europe. He was part of the history of the French Revolution and the ideals; freedom and equality, popular sovereignty, a goal of rational administration, rule of law, the liberation of Europe from feudal oppression, and the legacy of war helped to advance his career. Napoleons lasting contributions were achieved when his personal destiny corresponded with the needs of France. The French Revolution saw the reorganization the Catholic Church in France, sale of much of its property, and the turning of the clergy into salaried public servants. A Civil Constitution of the Clergy was introduced with no reference to the Pope what so ever. In addition to this an oath of loyalty to the Revolution was demanded of the clergy, this caused a split between the clergy and the country and broke universal religious practice. As Bonaparte grew into power there was the beginning of a religious revival happening, in order to gain control over his regime he needed to come to terms with this and the Pope. Both men flexed their muscles in this struggle for power, both finally agreed to the Concordat. Church property that had been auctioned during the Revolution were to be honored, but compensation was to been given to the church, a sum to be determined by Napoleon himself. Catholicism was restored not as the universal religion but the religion of the great majority. The clergy did remain salaried employees of the state and did have to pledge loyalty to the government. Bonaparte had the authority to nominate bishops, while the Pope gave them their spiritual authority. The church was no longer independent from the state but a corporation dependant upon the government. This corporation was relieved of its monopoly over the education the French youth; they were left with the educational duties of girls and younger children. Ecoles Centrales created by the Directory were the Republics best attempt at secondary education; they were eventually replaced by the lycees. These have government appointed teachers who used a similar curriculum as the Ecoles Centrales. There was to be uniforms and military discipline at the lycees. They did not solely focus on the scientific syllabus or professional training. There was tow steady streams of instruction, the first based on Latin and literature and the second based upon mathematics which included geography, technical drawing, natural history and chemistry. The libraries contents were to be determined by the government to ensure that the government schools all used the same texts. In 180 Napoleon introduced the baccalureat, a national exam which include all areas of secondary study; it eventually became a requirement for any professional career. The Civil Code or Code Napoleon was another unifying project taken on by Bonaparte; it became an instrument of French rule in Europe and an object of replication all over the world. The main purpose of the Civil Code was to give order to the various legal systems of the past. The same laws would apply equally to all citizens regardless of social status. Economic liberalism was encouraged by the Code; this gave employees advantages over their workers. It embodied the modern notion of property ownership, ?the right to enjoy and dispose of one?s property, provided it is not used in a manner prohibited by law. All children were given the right to inherit the family?s estate equally. Marriage had become secularized and divorce permitted on the grounds of; parental consent, ill treatment, criminal conviction or adultery by a women. Women had been granted several civil rights during the Revolution; Napoleon put a stop to that. They were stripped of their property when married, treated like minors in law suits, and denied any political rights. The Codes have been adapted to recognize modern concepts but their basic structures still stays intact, abolishing privilege, recognizing individualism and equality and eradicate the legal system from a religious framework.

The Counsel d?Etat was a committee of experts who advised the first Counsel on administrative and legal business and were responsible for drafting legislation. They were not selected for their political loyalties but for their expertise they had. Prefects were present in every department of the Republic. Appointed by the First Counsel they became the essential agent for gathering information and of central control. They were given wider powers of administration and more freedom due to their distance form Paris. The prefects were agents of the government not supporters of revolutionary factions, they stood above all parties and their first loyalty was to the state. Appointments to the Senate were a way for Napoleon to pay his debts and reward his supporters. They held office for life, received a comfortable salary and given estates by Napoleon. As he grew comfortable with the thought that the Senators would comply with his wishes he used it to his advantage. The Senate had the power to issue decrees which would bypass the legislature, he could nullify parliamentary opposition. A new formation of social hierarchy was achieved, Napoleon gathered unto him notables, bound by a personal allegiance to the Emperor and loyal service to the state. There were three tiers, elected at local, departmental and national levels. State service and propertied wealth not birth and inherited rank would now determine social and political hierarchy. Land owners, administrators, professional men and businessmen were most representative of the new hierarchy. The military did not figure into this hierarchy, they were fully recognized in the creation of the imperial nobility, legion d?honneur. The Imperial Nobility also had a hierarchy, Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers and Legionnaires. At the summit of the military hierarchy stood the Marshals, they were an exclusive group never more than sixteen were active at one time. They were proof of the new opportunities for social promotion; talent would give rise no matter what the origin of birth. They enjoyed their titles, princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights, by 1814 Napoleon had created more than 00 imperial titles. They were and open elite not a feudal order bound by blood, marriage. This seemed to be a return to the very principle that caused the Revolution, but these nobles did not enjoy tax exemptions and had no legal privileges. They received a title, land in a conquered territory and a coat of arms. If they wanted to make their title hereditary they needed enough francs to maintain it.

Napoleons affect on the economy of France can be broken down into three sections; agriculture, international trade and industrial change. The war and maritime blockades deprived of good, especially dyes and sugars which were in heavy demand form the expanding cotton industry. Substitute crops were introduced but were of minimal consequence. Champagne and wine sales flourished during this time. Share croppers and laborers received little material benefit, but larger land owners saw a different story. There were no spectacular advances in agriculture, they found it better extend the areas under cultivation to achieve greater productivity than to apply more sophisticated methods.

The Naval war and Continental Blockade disrupted the patterns of international trade. Middlemen and the United States ships inserted themselves more into the exchange network. Many dealers form Bordeaux set up offices in the United States, the enticing prospects offered by the Americans and the use of the Caribbean helped set up New York as an important international commercial center. Port cities were not the only ones affected, the shipyards lay idle and rope makers and sail makers as well as other industries geared towards oceanic trades.

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The Continental System was set up to prevent Britain form exporting her manufactured goods to Europe, as to choke their economy. With out the British competition France could colonize the European markets. New commercial centers of trade were to be established since her seaports were stagnating. The river trade in Rhineland boomed exporting wines and tobacco; Strasbourg handled on-third of Frances imports and the territories exports. Once the era ended where France competed with Great Britain of global commercial supremacy, France began to emerge as a modern industrial power. The most important industry was textiles, cotton being the most predominate. It responded to the demand for cheaper printed materials, water powered and steam powered mills helped achieve this, as well as several millers taking all the parts of the production over. In the heavy industries like iron, steel and coal, technological advances were limited, but their production increased. In the years 1810-1811 the markets hit a slump due to over production and the economy took a downward turn. The economic balanced shifted permanently form the west to the east. All that Napoleon Bonaparte truly did was quench his own thirst for power and glory. If that thirst somehow coincided with what was best for France than France profited as well as Bonaparte himself. For all the advances that are still present in some form today in European culture he is still best remembered as the ?little General?.Please note that this sample paper on Napoleon Bonarparte is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Napoleon Bonarparte, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Napoleon Bonarparte will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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St Francis of Assisi

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on St Francis of Assisi. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality St Francis of Assisi paper right on time.

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The aspect of Francis' spirituality, which this paper will try to explore, is the Eucharist and the enormous significance this sacrament held for him. In chapter CL11 of "The Second Life of St Francis" Celano writes that "Francis burned with a love that came from his whole being for the sacrament of the Lord's body…". Celano goes on to tell us that Francis attended Mass daily whenever possible and received Holy Communion frequently, "…with such devotion that he made others also devout."

There can be no doubt that the Eucharist was the central part of Francis' spirituality for in this sacrament he encountered the reality of Christ and his love for mankind; in addition, the Mass was important to him because he heard the Gospel proclaimed and participated in the commemoration of Christ's death on the cross.

Francis of Assisi (118-16) was a medieval man who had a limited formal education; for instance he probably composed his letters rather than wrote them himself. He was not a scholar or a theologian.

Francis lived in an era where "…there was appearing, almost everywhere, a kind of passionate straining towards the pure ideal of the Gospel". There was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction with monastic life, a demand for a purer preaching of the Gospel, and reform of the secular clergy, many of whom were wealthy and lazy. In response to the lacily of many secular clerics and the rigidity and luxury of monastic life, nonconformist movements arose which focused on penitence and poverty. Such groups as the Cathars, the Albigensians and the Waldensians advocated, "lay preaching" and "apostolic poverty" as ways to return to basic Gospel values. These groups soon found themselves regarded as heretical when their doctrines grew ever more extreme and conflicted with official Church beliefs.

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Francis on the other hand, though inspired by a similar motivation to embrace utter poverty of spirit and a simple, humble life of service in the Lord's name, remained always obedient to the Church authority, and frequently sought guidance from his advocate and friend, The Bishop of Assisi. Francis and his followers lived their lives of poverty and penance within the Church and in complete compliance to Papal directives. Francis was never doubted that the Catholic Church "…was the upholder and guardian of the truth. He thought her doctrine irrefutable and her faith the only guarantee for salvation of man (1Cee 6)"

Given St Francis' strong loyalty and love for the Church, it follows that for him as for the Church at large, the central act for worship was the Mass. In his desire to follow absolutely a way of life based on that of Jesus Christ, he found in the mystery of the Eucharist the inspiration to pursue his calling. In the Eucharist he met his crucified Lord, his humble Lord, and above all, his loving Lord. The reverence with which Francis regarded the Eucharist stemmed from his "…deep Theological insight into meaning. In it he discovered all that was required as the foundation for his life of penance. His love for this mystery grew out of his realization through faith that in it the whole redemptive work of God for us is once more made visible and tangible."

To discover what Francis actually taught and practiced regarding the Eucharist there is no better place to look than his writings. In the first of the Admonitions, entitled "The Blessed Sacrament", Francis pets out simply and unequivocally his belief that the bread and wine consecrated on the alter by the priest become the "most holy Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ." Speaking of Christ's humanity in this sacrament Francis states that "He shows himself to us in this sacred bread just as he once appeared to his apostles in real flesh." And again he says "We, too, with our own eyes, see only bread and wine, but we must see further and firmly believe that this is his most holy Body and Blood, living and true." For Francis there is no doubt the sacramental bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ as every Mass. This belief compliments Francis' devotion to the person of Jesus. As Ilia Delis states in his article "Francis and the Body of Christ"; "The emphasis on the body and blood of Christ points to the humanity of Christ, the real flesh and blood of God's presence upon earth."

There was no more sacred, significant meaningful or precious part of Francis' day that his attendance at Mass, daily Mass was a practice he urged upon his friars. In a letter, which Francis sent to a general chapter towards the end of his life when his followers included priests, he gives the following counsel

And so this is my advice, this is my earnest request in the Lord That in the places where the friars live only one Mass a day be said in the rite of the holy Church. If there are several priests in a place, each should be glad for the love of charity to have assisted at the celebration of the other.

The humility of Francis was one of the many ways he put into practice his calling to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ. He was profoundly attracted by Christ's humility and poverty; for instance Jesus' birth in the most basic of human circumstances moved him deeply. But above all else the mystery of Christ in the Eucharist was a marvel almost beyond words for him. In another section of his "Letter to a General Chapter" Francis expresses this as follows

O sublime humility! O humble sublimity! That the Lord of the whole universe, God and the Son of God, should humble himself like this and hide under the form of a little bread, for our salvation.

Being awestruck by Christ's real presence during the celebration of The Mass did not deter Francis from frequently receiving Communion. In this regard he behaved somewhat differently from hi contemporaries, for in the early thirteenth century, frequent Communion was not the normal practice, even amongst monks and nuns. Francis' desire to embrace the reality of Jesus in the Eucharist (as often as possible) runs parallel to his intense devotion to the humanity of Jesus Christ and his desire to follow his personal Savior as intimately as he could. It is not surprising that writers about Francis remark on the respect and veneration towards the reserved Eucharist and his concern that the blessed sacrament be stored in suitable places, that chalices and other items used at Mass be treated with car and reverence, along with the written word of God. It would seem that in Francis' time carelessness and even disrespect in these matters occurred quite often and Francis was at pains to connect practices, which seemed so unworthy to him. There occurs in Francis' own writings a number of instances when he urges greater respect; for instance the "Letter to all Superiors of The Friars Minor", the "Letter to a General Chapter" and the "Letter to all Clerics". In his "testament", written not long before his death, Francis repeats his teaching "Above everything else, I want this most holy Sacrament to be honored and venerated and reserved in places which are richly ornamented".

It follows that Francis had enormous respect for all priests and there are many expressions of this in his writings. Admonition XXVI has Francis stating that The Clergy "…are in privileged position because they have change of the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ…" Celano's "Second Life of St Francis" describes the saint as often saying that if he should have the opportunity to meet a saint from heaven and a poor priest he, Francis, "…would first show honor to the priest and quickly go to kiss his hands" . Whereas to the saint Francis would say "Wait, St Lawrence, for the hands of this one touch the Word of Life, and have something about them that is more than human" . This shows how deeply Francis believed that at the Eucharist the Word of Life becomes flesh among us, irrespective of whether the priest is a worthy on or not . Such faith impresses deeply despite the distance of eight hundred years because of the sincerely of Francis' words both written and reported.

What does Francis' attitude to the Eucharist have to offer to Christians of the Third millennium? I believe that in the first place Christians of today could learn from Francis' sense of awe and reverence regarding the Eucharist. Secondly, Francis' understanding that the Eucharist ideally invited one to live a Eucharistic life is relevant in all eras. Thirdly, Francis' emphasis on peace and joy could well begin for modern men and women with the Eucharist, the sacrament of unity.

Modern Christians are capable of being as neglectful and irreverent towards the Eucharist as Francis' contemporaries. Believing as we do, that we live in a more sophisticated age than Francis and having the benefit of centuries of education and theological study about the Eucharist available to us, as well as a multitude of other spiritualities which may enrich us, perhaps the centrality of the Eucharist to our lives is not like it was to Francis. Francis' beliefs were not couched in theological terms because he was a man simplicity, yet his belief that the Mass connected him in a real and personal and intimate way to the person of Jesus Christ is so lucidly expressed so often in his writings, that we must conclude that this sacrament was central to his life, that it was supremely important over and above all his other beliefs and religious activities. The wonder of this sacrament was never diminished in Francis' eyes. Today's custom of receiving Communion at every Mass, unlike the practice in Francis' day, could perhaps have contributed to an attitude of greater familiarly and lesser reverence. That which has become routine in today's busy world can also have lost its luster of awe and mystery. I believe St. Francis sets a great example for us today.

Just as Jesus Christ lived his life for all, so did Francis in his wish to follow and imitate Christ. Francis' original ministry to the lepers who were society's outcasts, was inspired and sustained by his faith that in the Eucharist he was embraced by Jesus Christ and thereby invited to embrace all he encountered, especially the poor, the sick, the untouchable, those whom Jesus has sought out in his life time. This idea cannot be less relevant in 00 than in the thirteenth century. The Eucharist joins us to all our sisters and brothers and invites us to live out this relationship in daily life, as Francis did so perfectly. Ilia Delis expresses this in following way

If Eucharist means finding oneself internally related to every other, including one's enemies, and embracing the other in love, than it is indeed the source of a truly catholic personality and the seed of a new creation, whereby all humanity is bound in a unity of love.

The example of Francis as a man who so extolled the blessings of peace and joy can be an inspiration in this third millennium where we daily encounter disunity, inequality, social injustice, war and all degrees of enmity. The Eucharist, which Francis saw as the sacrament of unity, remains that today, if we adopt this consciousness. Francis found in the Mass his main source of love, peace and joyful self-giving, always aware that these were the gifts of the Jesus he encountered there. Could not these same gifts transform whatever situation we may be in on a personal level, and assist to bring healing to our imperfect world?Please note that this sample paper on St Francis of Assisi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on St Francis of Assisi, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on St Francis of Assisi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gatsby

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Examine the opening of 'The Great Gatsby' show how Fitzgerald establishes the character of Nick Carraway as the narrator of the novel. What particular qualities does Fitzgerald create for his narrator?

Fitzgerald decided to employ a narrator who was a participant in the story, but was more an observer than an actor. This creates a complex point of view, which involves us, as readers, in acts of interpretation, which eventually lets us make judgments about the narrator. The qualities that Fitzgerald has given to the narrator, Nick Carraway, are those of a privileged background. But from the advice that was given to him by his father, this makes him aware that some people may not have the same privileges and opportunities as himself, which allows him to make good judgments, for example, 'In consequence, I'm inclined to reserve all judgments.' So from this the reader can see that he looks at all sides of opinions, and does not make snap decisions, which allows people to tell him their secrets because he is trustworthy, impartial and holds back his judgments. Which is why in the story, so many people open up to him. This impartiality allows the characters in the novel to be open with him, which is a good quality for a narrator, because he has their confidence, 'Listen, Nick; let me tell you what is said when she was born. Would you like to hear?' This proves that he is the ideal listener and as such is accepted by the reader.

In the opening Nick has returned to the Midwest, and is writing a book about events that occurred during a period that he had spent on the East Coast of America. He begins his narration with some self-analysis, trying to pin down relevant aspects of his own character. He remembers his father's advice to show tolerance towards others, and to reserve judgment, adding that, 'Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.' Here the reader can see that Fitzgerald uses a narrator who is aware of his own limitations, so that it gives the impression that he is not biased. However it does reveal that Nick is privy to intimate revelations and secrets, therefore he can make an analysis on what he has been told. Fitzgerald also says that Nick stands back, so Nick does not allow his own judgment to prejudice his own opinion, which means he is confident in his judgments.

Later although Nick describes how scornful he is of certain aspects of Gatsby's character and behaviour, other attributes of Gatsby's 'heightened sensitivity to the promises of life' and his 'extraordinary gift of hope' make the reader aware of Nick's ability as a narrator to show not only the negative but the positive sides of a character. Despite his dislike of Gatsby it does not interfere with the unlimited respect he also feels for the man. Therefore the reader aware of this can respect Nick's role as the narrator. It is the romantic dream that Nick admires and stimulates his curiosity about Gatsby, 'what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.' Although this is a subjective judgment the reader now trusts the narrator in Nick Carraway sufficiently, to become as interested in Gatsby as Nick himself.

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But Nick does say little about his own family, although his father runs the hardware business, at the time of the American civil war, in which he avoided service. Nick, on the other hand, was caught up in the First World War, and that had caused considerable disruption in his life. On his return from Europe, he found that the Midwest that was once, 'the warm centre of the world' now seemed 'the ragged edge of the universe.' Nicks experience of the world has grown therefore when he comes back he naturally sees things that he does not like, 'makes me restless.' This makes Nick more aware of life, so due to his experiences he is more understanding to other people, and their problems, which makes him sympathetic. The privileged background shows the reader that Nick's family is well educated, for example he was well read, 'one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News.' But despite all these things, it makes him less critical of other people, which makes him more tolerant and open minded, and these are good qualities, and establish his character.

Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway as the narrator, because it allows the reader to feel closer to the action, 'I enjoyed the counter raid so thoroughly that I came back restless.' At the same time, it is clear that the act of telling is part of the process by which he comes to terms with those experiences and develops his understanding of them. Nevertheless, it is immediately noticeable that Nick's style of writing is challenging his sentences can be grammatically complex, and his vocabulary is at times obscure. For example, 'frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or hostile levity when realised by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon.' Which means, that he sometimes pretends to be asleep, when someone always wants to confide in him. Fitzgerald gives Nick pretentious literary qualities, to emphasise that he is well educated, enjoys writing and is intellectual. This is good for a narrator, as it gives a voice of authority to the reader to inform, educate and entertain, so the reader will respect and listen to Nick, and not question his ability as a good storyteller. Nick also establishes at the start that he is writing an account and Fitzgerald has attributed to him a certain amount of self- consciousness as a writer.

Nick's self analysis of his own character reveals to the reader his open mindedness and therefore he appears to be more impartial, an important skill for a narrator, convincing the reader of his worthiness and ability in telling a story from an unbiased view point. ''Now, don't think my opinion on these matters is final,' he seemed to say, 'just because I'm stronger and more of a man than you are.'' So the information he offers to the reader, although coloured by his own character, allows Nick's narration to be more neutral. However this is also a reminder to the reader that Nick's assessment of the other characters in the novel is inevitably going to be coloured by his own analysis. He even says, 'after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit.' But by openly placing Nick as the narrator, Fitzgerald is allowing Nick to express his own limitations, and this allows the reader to access Nick's ability as a storyteller.

Nick's reference to his father's advice establishes one of the novel's major themes, that of the relationship between the present and the past and with what is transferred from one generation to another. It is also relevant to the twentieth century history of America, for having broken away from the father-like rule of European monarchy, it declared itself a new country, free from the limitations of the past. So this American commitment to the future, where anything might happen, is also suggested by Nick's evidence on 'reserving judgment' as a matter of 'infinite hope'. The national faith that it is never too late to start again continues. We can see that it is Gatsby's 'extraordinary gift of hope', which ultimately draws Nick to him. So whatever Nick is drawn to, so is the audience, because of his skill as a narrator, he makes them read the story.

What attracts Nick is the dream of a new beginning, which has long been associated in the American mind, with movement westward. After moving east in order to seek material success, Nick has now returned to the Midwest, to the heart of America, where he is able to pause and reflect upon the past few years. Nick declares with irony, that in going east he 'was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler.'

Nick and Gatsby both live in the New York suburb of West Egg. It is less fashionable than nearby East Egg, and its name carries with it implication of America's Frontier past. Here the suggestion is that both Nick and Gatsby preserve American ideals that have been lost in the modern cities of the East. This is, of course, ironic, as both Eggs are located on the East Coast. There is even more irony from the name 'Egg's' as they are supposed to promise new life, when in fact they are lifeless rocks. Because both Nick and Gatsby share a common ideal, these values allow Nick as a narrator to let Gatsby confine in him and give more credence to his role as a narrator in the eyes of the reader.

In my opinion the success of the novel is due to Fitzgerald's control of how the figure of Gatsby is presented to the reader through Nick's narration. The character and personality of Gatsby has been filtered through Nick's narration at a suitable pace and with appropriate emphasis to maintain the reader's interest without eliminating the enigmatic qualities of Gatsby. When Nick expresses his doubts as well as his pride at the beginning of the novel we appreciate that he has his faults too. However his honesty as a narrator overcomes this and the reader can believe in him. So as the reader is piecing together the puzzle of Gatsby, he at the same time has to adjust to the values that are being put forward by the narrator Nick Carraway, who is telling Gatsby's story. It is easy to imagine that if Fitzgerald had been too hasty in the narration, or had revealed too much at the wrong time, we could have a very different book, one in which Gatsby appeared a ridiculously comic or unambiguously threatening character. It is Nick's skill as the narrator which is partially responsible for this.

Word Count = 1,645Bibliography The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby York Notes Advanced

The Collection of Critical Essays Arthur Mizener

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Society: The effect of television on society

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Recent studies from all around the world have proved that Television has an effect on people as individuals and as a whole. We have coined the phrase "couch potato" for people who sit around watching TV all the time. There has been numerous studies on people of all ages from toddlers to senior citizens on what effects television has on the human psyche. No one can say and believe that television has no effects on society. It is argued constantly whether television reflects society or society reflects what they see on television. TV has become a major part of every American home. Many other developed countries are just the same. Society is what is on television. It is real people acting like another real person writes them to act. Society is making TV so in my opinion neither society or TV actually "reflect" one another, but they blend into pure entertainment. One way or the other, people and society as a whole are affected by television in many ways. Many People like to argue that television is horrible and that it ruins kids minds. There is good evidence to support this view also. Robert DuRant is one of the many people that believe what children are exposed to teaches them how they are supposed to act. He has studied how exposure to violence in the media results in fighting, carrying a weapon, and an intention to use violence. In a study done in 1 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was shown that American children watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. (American 1) The most suprising results of DuRant's studies were that girls were more affected than boys were. Kids who had already seen violence on television were more likely to imitate what they saw and were more likely to be violent in school. Often children who see violence on the television cannot differentiate what is reality and what is television. This can mean big trouble for the child and the people who may be around the child when he chooses to figure out the hard way. Whether television is "horrible" or not is everyone's own opinion, but it does effect society's young and old. (McLellan 1-) There has also been studies about TV making Americans fat. When you throw in a Big Mac and some fries with two and a half hours of TV a day, of course your going to gain weight. Unfortunately many Americans today actually do this on a daily basis. Not saying that television makes us fat by itself. Like the Big Mac I mentioned before, fast food is really blamed for making Americans fat. Television has proved a major cut in exercise and physical activities simply because it provides something else to do. Before television was around people did things outside because there was not much point in sitting around inside. People did read, but most of the time people read before bed or after they have been active and are relaxing. This is another way that television affects society and the people who make it up. Television consists of images and situations within which we grow up and live. In other words, we learn from TV whether we even realize it or not. At any time of day you can turn on the television and see something that you have never seen before. If you are not even paying attention you might even catch something subliminally. Considering how much Americans watch TV now days, most people seem to be paying more attention than that though. It is the same thing as sporting events have done to kids even before television. Before television, but not before sports, all boys wanted to be a football player, baseball player or some sports star. Now days there are still those who want to do those things because they see them on TV, but there is also those who want to be movie stars and newscasters. This alone proves that television has effected society just by the fact that it has created a humongous amount of jobs. Some people shape their lives around being on and around the television business. Others shape their lives around watching television. How many women do you know, and even some younger girls, that tape their favorite soap or soaps when they have to go somewhere during the day. Everyone knows at least one woman who does or has done this. This is also an example of an effect of television on society, planning around what comes on TV. Some specific shows have been shown to influence peoples behaviors. WWF, for example, has been proven to increase not only the use of violence, but also the use of cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and more. (McLellan 1-) What are kids thinking when they are watching wrestling and the coolest guy comes out and downs a beer and then wins the match. They are thinking, man that is cool, I want to be like him. Okay, so all kids do not think exactly this way, but a good number of them do. Oprah influences society in another way. Millions of women watch Oprah every day and pay very close attention to what she and her guests have to say. Women ask Oprah and Dr. Phil their most important questions. How does TV not affect society again? Oh yeah, it really affects society in many ways and on more than one level. Advertising companies sure do believe that television has an effect society. If they did not think that television was affecting people they would not pay hundreds of thousands, and even millions of dollars during big events, for thirty second commercials. The commercials during the super bowl have become almost as popular as the game itself and recently have cost brand names billions of dollars. Companies pay big money to advertise during the Olympics also. Advertising companies are really developed around advertising on television, because almost every American has a TV in his or her house. Violence is all over the media these days and it too affects the way society sees reality. Humans are unconsciously attracted to violence and when TV writers were finally allowed to show it on television they knew it would be a jackpot. Television networks will put violence in a commercial for a show that will come on later to attract the viewer's eye and make him or her want to watch the show. (Szaflik 1) This is sad but true. Can we stop it now that it has gone this far though? Children are the most influenced by watching TV. Children are still learning new things every single day and are exited about it. What they see on TV makes them wonder about all the situations that they are seeing. Depending on what they are watching this could be a very bad or a very good thing. For a kid who grows up watching I Love Lucy and the Discovery Channel, he should be fine. He will still be influenced by all of the shows ideas and situations, but he will be learning reasonably good things. But the kid who grows up watching gangster movies and horror films with violence and sex in them might not turn out so fine and dandy. This child is going to grow up with all the wrong ideas about sex and violence and life itself. While not every kid will be a screw up because they watched rated R films when they were young, the ones without good families will more than likely become one. Television now is way worse than what was shown on the big screen in the 50's. And violence and sex offenses have raised non-stop since then. This is an effect that TV has on society. While television can be good entertainment and even educational, some is also bad. No matter which way one chooses to look at the matter, television does affect society. Television not only affects society in the short-term, but also in the long. Columbia University's Jeffery Johnson did a study on about 700 boys and girls about some longer-term effects of television viewing. He and other researchers followed the kids for seventeen years and took into consideration family income, childhood neglect, and psychiatric disorders. With all these things accounted for, the fact still remained that violent television viewing resulted in adults who behaved more aggressively than people who viewed TV much less. This study was published in Science magazine. The editorial that accompanied the study said that it probably underestimated the effects of TV violence. Research shows that one average hour of television viewing contains four or five acts of violence. Most cartoons contain twenty to twenty five violent acts an hour. America's first major study on the effects of violence on television was a 17 U.S. surgeon generals report that said, Televised violence, indeed, does have an adverse effect on certain members of our society. (Blakey 1) Shannon Kennedy believes that television is a drug. She believes it is addictive and a destroyer of human life. Not unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experience allows the viewer to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are ignored by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a trip induced by drugs or alcohol. And just as alcoholics are only vaguely aware of their addiction, feeling that they control their drinking more than they really do, people similarly overestimate their control over television watching. Even as they put off other activities to spend hour after hour watching television, they feel they could easily resume living an active, non-television watching life. With television pleasures available, those other experiences seem less attractive, more difficult because it requires one to actually get up and do something for themselves. 66 percent of American homes have more than three television sets in their homes. 54 percent of kids have a set in their bedrooms. Billions of dollars are spent each year on advertising just for TV shows because commercials influence people to watch more TV, and this is what they are going for. (Kennedy 1) Television has been affecting society ever since people could purchase a set. Television has become a major part of today's society and affects everyone who spends time watching it. I am not saying that TV is bad even though most of the evidence of it affecting society in negative. I believe that television can be a useful educational tool and great entertainment. It is everyone's own opinion whether television is a good idea. People like Kennedy think that it is a drug, and many scientists think it causes people to commit crimes and be more aggressive in older ages. Either way you look at it television does affect society. REFERENCES American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Children and TV Violence. July nd, 00. Blakey, Rea. "Study links TV Viewing Among Kids to Later Violence." CNN.com. August 4th, 00. Kennedy, Shannon. Television and Society Viewing Ourselves in a Box. August 4th, 00 McLellan, Faith. "Do Violent Movies Make Violent Children?" Szaflik, Kevin. School page. July 00 QuestionsPlease note that this sample paper on Society: The effect of television on society is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Society: The effect of television on society, we are here to assist you. Your on Society: The effect of television on society will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mental and Physical Preparation for Sport

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Introduction

Success starts with one most powerful asset ones brain. Strengthening this tool is paramount for success. As the premise states, "the role of the mind in sports performance is crucial for success…" It is important to acknowledge that successful athletic performance is a function of not only what the athlete does, but also what the athlete thinks. In turn, the ultimate athletic performance can only be realized when both the mind, through psychological training, and the body, through physiological and skills training, attain their fullest potential. Beggs (10) asserts "when an athlete goes out on the field, for a contest, he does not leave his mind tucked away in a locker with his shoes, his watch and his hat…the best athletes use almost every faculty of their minds when they go into a contest" (p 56).

There has been much speculation on how to define motivation. One version explains it as 'an intervening process or an internal state of an organism that impels or drives it to action' (Reber 185, p454). Motivation is a broad subject and this report discusses the theory of achievement motivation.

Achievement motivation is a person's effort to succeed at a task, achieve excellence, persist in the face of failure, perform better than others and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill 186, Murray 18, citied in Gould and Weinberg 000). These motives that allow an athlete to achieve may be classed as intrinsic, extrinsic or amotivated. Intrinsic motivation arises in a person involved in an activity due to interest or personal satisfaction. A person is extrinsically motivated to achieve a reward or benefit in the outcome of said event, such as a trophy, money or fame, where these are perceived as desirable assets. Kowal and Fortier (000) stipulate that amotivation refers to lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity.

An athlete able to enter and maintain the desired 'intrinsic motivational' state outlined by Gill, Murray, Gould, Weinberg may give a distinct advantage during an athletes mental preparation, which is often an undervalued factor in success. Experience and practice typically lead to improvement, ergo the more experienced an athlete the more technical their mental preparation may be. Followers of the tai-chi martial art form are noted for their attention to mental preparation, and anecdotal evidence suggest that at elite levels of any competition or activity, preparation and will become the deciding factor.

A reasonable question is whether mental training is worth getting better at. Athletes spend a lot of time preparing for competition. Practices and fitness training are all about technical, tactical and physical preparation for competition. As a result, they become highly skilled in these areas. However, the ability to utilise this potential in competition depends largely on their mental skills, which unfortunately usually receive less attention and training.

The purpose of this study is to identify what role motivation plays in improving athlete performances, through psychology examination of three sportspeople and understanding how they improve their performance. The role of motivation and the problems associated with motivational levels affecting their performance will be outline and discussed. Observing the mental training and motivational methods used by these athletes will help to illustrate the factors that help athletes to succeed.Method

Participants

The subjects chosen for this study are three sportspeople who are Rugby League players. The individuals are from the same age group although each competes at a different level.

Subject 1 17-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of ten due to a lack of interest in his previous sport, which was soccer. He plays every Saturday just to keep fit and healthy.

Subject 0-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of 14 at school. He competes at the reserve grade level and plays for the Cronulla Sharks.

Subject 8-year-old first grade representative who plays for the Cronulla Sharks and has had an interest with the sport since the age of 7 when his parents placed him into a weekend activity sport with the local club.

Measure

In order to identify what effects the motivation levels, methodologies used and motivational problems encountered had in improving each individuals' performance, an interview and two surveys were jointly conducted. Survey 1 is a Mental Skills Profile and Survey is a Mental Training Checklist. The interview was designed to explore the athlete's background and views on Rugby League. The two surveys were used to identify the methodologies they chose and the motivation of the subjects to improve their performance.

Procedure

Firstly, permission was gained in order to conduct the interview with each interview after a brief discussion on the assignment. Secondly, the interview was conducted by direct contact with the three subjects at each individual's house on request. Finally, the two surveys were given to them to answer after interview. Results

Table 1, and summarise the results from the interview that gathered information relating to the athletes background, their view on rugby league. The main aim of conducting the interview was to investigate what do sportspeople do to improve their sports performance, how important do sportspeople view motivation with respect to performance and how do sportspeople deal with problems associated with motivation?

The results from Survey 1 outline the individual's attitude in any given situation regarding to the sport. It illustrates the athletes' mental state, whether it is positive or negative by allowing the athlete to nominate a set grade as outlined in the survey.

The results from Survey outline the athletes' mental state in any given situation. Subjects covered include; motivation, confidence, thought habits, focus and visualization.

Both the table and surveys illustrate and identify each athlete's motivation and the methodologies used by them to improve performance.

(Please refer to Appendix for full transcripts of interviews and surveys).Table 1 Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Define motivation Something that makes you want to do something. To be enthusiastic and driven to try and achieve your set goal. A positive mental attitude in a given situation or set of circumstances.

What is your prime motivation for participating in your chosen sport? I want to reach my short-term and long- term goals. I strive to be like my Rugby League hero, Peter Sterling. Recognition is really important to me. I want people to be able to see my skill and ability to play. I also set short-term goals. Winning and having the recognition of being one of the top players in Australia.I set short-term goals to achieve them.

How do you get motivated and remain motivated throughout the game? Verbally psyching myself up. My teammates and coach also encourage me Enthusiasm is vital. As an elite player, my mental state is my competitive advantage. Self-motivator's, which I have studied and practiced throughout my sporting life. Having the right frame of mind is critical.

What role do you feel motivation plays in relation to your performance? No real important role. I feel my performance and skill is what is important. It is very important, as we are basically all very competitive and elite. Motivation is what I focus on, as it will make me succeed. It plays the most important role in professional rugby, as we are all talented. The major difference is our motivation.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

List the best things about Rugby League GirlsFightsMeeting new friends Performing wellWinningSatisfaction RecognitionFinalsMoney

List the worst things about Rugby League InjuriesTime wastageMissing social events InjuriesLosingTraining LosingInjuriesHard workout and training

How do you deal with these problems? Sometimes my friends and team- mates give me support. I'm Motivation from the coach and team- mates. Having a good attitude at all times. I also initiate a one-on-one session with my sport psychologist sometimes. Being enthusiastic no matter what. Believing in myself at all times and by being positive. My wife and coach are really good to talk too.

Do you use mental preparation? If so, list and explain. No, not really. Off course, you have too. I tend to focus on affirmation and imagery. I find that thinking of the moves I have learnt helps me in my confidence. You better believe it. Self-talk is a major one. It makes me believe in myself as I'm continually telling myself 'I can do it'. I also like the team to participate.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Are you always mentally prepared for a game? No. Well I try to be, as its vital for motivation and performance. We do our best. It is the biggest challenge as there are always external factors to consider. Our pep-up meetings at training and before the game help me focus.

Has lack of mental preparation ever affected your performance? Yes off course. I'm starting to realize that it is quite important. It's really common sense. Unfortunately, yes it has. I try and focus on always being mentally prepared however sometimes it's a difficult task to maintain. Sadly, there have been a few situations where my performance was not to my potential due to lack of mental preparation.

What do you do to improve your performance? Well I practice during training and I eat well. I focus on my self-esteem level and I also train hard and try to be enthusiastic. I do many things. I train hard, I eat well, I use self-motivators, which boost my confidence level.

Discussion

The importance of mental training increases at more elite levels. When athletes are young and just learning the technical, tactical and physical skills of a game, their learning curve is steep. A true example of this is Subject 1, however the athlete is not motivated and has no enthusiasm to succeed. Even though, there's a lot of room for improvement and he improve quickly. At elite levels, most players are approaching their performance ceiling and the learning curve slows down. This is a true example of Subject and . Consequently, teams are often similar in terms of technical, tactical and physical skills at this level. Everybody is good. If you're looking for an advantage over an opponent, mental training can be huge. The main reason is that not many opponents work conscientiously on this part of their game. So, developing strong mental skills can provide a major advantage. Both Subject and recognise the importance of motivation with respect to performance, and state that it is one of the most vital factors for their success.

Subject 1 clearly illustrates amotivation, which was earlier referred too as a lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity. The reason for his failure in performance is due to many reasons, one being the lack of mental preparation before a game. Graham states that, "How we feel before we compete has a lot to do with how we compete. Your optimal pre-competitive state is the mindset that has always been associated with excellent performances in your past. Said another way, it is the mindset you perform most effectively with. When preparing for competition, self-regulation involves understanding what your optimal pre-competitive state feels like, then using relaxation and visualization skills to get there."

In order for Subject 1 to improve his sport performance, he must focus on mental preparation prior to the game and training sessions. The Coach also has an important role in motivating and analyzing Subject 1's attitude in order to assist with other critical aspects such as confidence and concentration not only motivation.

Subject uses the technique of imagery, as he believes that it is crucial in Rugby League to have the right mental approach, to be successful. Cumming et al (001) expresses that, "Imagery exerts a beneficial effect on the acquisition and performance of a motor skill…Imagery has cognitive and motivational functions". In simplest terms, imagery can be likened to daydreaming. It is simply the process whereby an individual sees and feels pictures or images in the mind. Graham (000) states, "It also is a tool that elite athletes have been using for years to maximize their competitive

performance. Jean-Claude Killy, one of only two individuals to win three gold medals in alpine skiing in the same Olympics, reported that he always mentally went through each gate on the ski course, as he stood in the starting gate. Similarly, the great professional golfer Jack Nicklaus, reported that he never hit a golf ball until he visually saw himself hitting the ball in his mind. In fact, there would be few athletes competing at elite levels anywhere who would not use imagery systematically in both practice and competition".

Subject is very goal driven. He continually sets short-term goals in order for them to be reached, which assists in motivation, confidence and enthusiasm. In turn, this will assist him in reaching his ultimate long-term goals. This is a very efficient and effective technique, as by setting the short-term goals, and by achieving them, this is motivating him to keep a positive outlook on achieving his long-term goals. As it is stated that, "Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of sport. At its simplest level, the process of setting goals and targets allows you to choose what you want to achieve in your sport" (Markland 1, p158). The athlete knowing what they want to achieve, are also aware of what they must concentrate on and improve, and what the distinctions are. Goal setting gives the athlete long-term vision and short-term motivation.

It would not be precise to state that motivation is the only factor, which affects sports performance. One has to consider other vital factors, as being a successful athlete involves a variety of different abilities and skills. A successful athlete will peak in his or her performance when they have captured the skill and capability of maintaining confidence, intensity, concentration and motivation. It is said that there is always room for improvement and that no one is perfect, this statement holds force throughout this report. Through further study and investigation, it would be suggested that one should focus on all the issues which affect an athletes performance, which will in turn give an in depth insight into athletic performance and success.References

Beggs, W.D.A (10). Goal setting in sport. In J.G. Jones and L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 56-170). Chichester, UK John Wiley and Sons.

Brunstein, J. (1). Personal goals and subjective well-being A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.

Cumming JL, Ste-Marie DM (001) The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training A matter of perspective. Sports Psychologist Vol5() Sep 00176-88.

Gould, D Weinberg, RS (000) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Pathology (nd ed). United States of America human Kinetics.

Graham, T (000) Developing a mental and emotional edge. [Online]. Available http//www.usask.ca/sportmedsci/mental/edgesoccer.HTM [18 May 00].

Kowal, J Fortier, MS (000) Testing relationships from hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence.

Markland D (1) Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 1(4) Dec 151-61.

Reber, AS (185) The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. England Penguin Books.

Scanlan, T.K. and Lewthwaite, R. (186). Social psychological aspects of competition in male youth sport participants. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 5-5.

Stated in the essay

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